{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:06:23Z","timestamp":1787069183599,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The multifactorial pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) includes prematurity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using near-infrared (NIR) laser sources was found to have anti-inflammatory effects in several respiratory disorders. Our aim was to evaluate whether PBMT could reduce inflammation in an in vitro model of BPD. Materials and Methods: Precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) from premature rabbits were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with three PBMT protocols (A, B, and C) differing for the treatment parameter such as fluence (energy delivered per unit area, laser A: 7.09, laser B: 7.41, laser C: 7.01 J\/cm2) and exposure time (25, 20, 12 s, respectively). The expression level of TNF\u03b1 and IL-6 was measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) after 2 or 6 h from PBMT. Results: PBMT protocols A and B reduced IL-6 and TNF\u03b1 mRNA at both timepoints, although the effect was less pronounced after 6 h than after 2 h. Furthermore, protocol A, which involved intermediate fluence and longer laser exposure, was more effective than protocol B. Conclusions: PBMT with NIR laser sources has an effective anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro model of BPD, such as PCLSs from premature rabbits pretreated with LPS. These encouraging results support the planning of further studies in animal models of BPD and help identify the most effective PBMT protocol to use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Near-Infrared Laser Photobiomodulation Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in an In Vitro Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Preliminary Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Dani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Fazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cialdai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Risaliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Notari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Monici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2959","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"126","author":"Stoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0127-7","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"5","author":"Goss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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