{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:02:14Z","timestamp":1774260134272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Higher iron doses are used in the anemia treatment of hemodialysis patients, which allows for lower doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; however, there are concerns regarding the risk of iron toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity of iron deposition in prevalent hemodialysis patients on iron therapy and its relationship with parameters used to assess iron status, plasma protein oxidation, and cellular iron toxicity. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 56 patients to assess hepatic iron deposition, which was related to clinical and analytical parameters. In patients included in the first and fourth quartiles, according to hepatic iron deposition, plasma protein oxidative stress was quantified, as were iron and cytokine levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results: Patients with higher hepatic iron deposition had a longer time on hemodialysis (42.0 \u00b1 43.0 vs. 4.9 \u00b1 3.4 months, p &lt; 0.001) and higher ferritin levels (1200 \u00b1 516 vs. 429 \u00b1 278 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001) than those with lower hepatic iron deposition, without differences in transferrin saturation or hepatic enzyme serum concentration. No differences were found in plasma protein oxidation, iron content, or cytokine mRNA content in PBMCs, except for a decrease in IL-6 levels in patients with higher hepatic iron deposition. Conclusions: Patients with longer hemodialysis times had higher iron stores, suggesting that iron treatment over time increases hepatic iron deposition. No parameters supporting increased toxicity in patients with higher hepatic iron deposition were observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1774255662000},"page":"154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Potential Iron Toxicity in Hemodialysis Patients Under Intravenous Iron Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jessy Korina","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Esparragoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Ramos-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnostic Department, Santa Cristina University Hospital, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Rueda-El\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnostic Department, Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0045-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ongil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of the Biomedical Research Foundation, Principe de Asturias University Hospital, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Alique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Chamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Carracedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Puyol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4544-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Pr\u00edncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000486968","article-title":"Positive Iron Balance in Chronic Kidney Disease: How Much is Too Much and How to Tell?","volume":"47","author":"Wish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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