{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:25:58Z","timestamp":1785432358062,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Business Funds"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03660jn93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Surgical trauma disrupts hormone networks, but the duration required for these systems to recover remains unclear. We hypothesize that significant perioperative stress would trigger protracted abnormalities of the thyroid axis extending past 28 days. Methods: This retrospective exploratory study analyzed opportunistically obtained thyroid-related laboratory values (free T3 [FT3], free T4 [FT4], and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) and serum albumin from electronic medical records of patients undergoing CABG, AVR, or PCI between 2017 and 2022. Preprocedural baseline values were compared with post-procedural serum levels measured during the acute peri-procedural period (0\u201330 days), early recovery (31\u201390 days), intermediate recovery (91\u2013180 days), late recovery (181\u2013365 days), medium-term follow-up (1\u20132 years), and long-term follow-up (&gt;2 years). Results: Free T3 demonstrated early suppression across all procedures, most pronounced in CABG during the acute peri-procedural period, with partial recovery at later timepoints. AVR showed moderate suppression at early and long-term follow-up, while PCI demonstrated minimal and inconsistent changes. Free T4 remained relatively stable across procedures, with limited significant post hoc differences after adjustment. TSH showed significant temporal variability in CABG and AVR but not in PCI. Serum albumin demonstrated marked early decline, most pronounced in CABG, with partial recovery over time, whereas AVR showed delayed long-term suppression. Data availability declined substantially at later timepoints across all biomarkers. Conclusions: In this retrospective exploratory analysis, CABG was associated with the most pronounced early perturbations in thyroid and albumin trajectories, while PCI and AVR demonstrated more heterogeneous temporal patterns. These findings are hypothesis-generating and should be interpreted cautiously given non-protocolized laboratory follow-up, substantial missingness, and potential selection bias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1776162548000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Changes in Thyroid Hormones and Serum Albumin Following CABG, AVR, and PCI: An Exploratory Electronic Medical Record Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pareek","family":"Aayushi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5209-766X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhamed","family":"Elgazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7373-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Laudanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2008.12.054","article-title":"Thyroid function during coronary surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"36","author":"Velissaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. 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