{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:40:12Z","timestamp":1791222012891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002727","name":"Ananda Mahidol Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\u20132026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\u20132026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) are responsible for a large proportion of snakebite envenoming cases in Southeast Asia. Envenomation by these snakes commonly causes hematotoxic effects, including platelet dysfunction and coagulation disturbances. Although antivenom remains the mainstay of treatment, species-specific antivenoms are not available for several regional pit viper species. This study evaluated the hematotoxic activities of selected Southeast Asian pit viper venoms and the cross-neutralizing capacity of commercially available antivenoms. Methods: Venoms from five medically important pit viper species\u2014Calloselasma rhodostoma, Trimeresurus albolabris, T. hageni, T. purpureomaculatus, and Tropidolaemus wagleri\u2014were tested. Washed platelets and platelet-poor plasma obtained from healthy individuals (n = 10) were used to assess venom-induced platelet aggregation and coagulation, respectively. The neutralizing effects of three antivenoms including hemato polyvalent antivenom (HPAV), T. albolabris antivenom (TAAV), and C. rhodostoma antivenom (CRAV)\u2014were examined in vitro. Results: All tested venoms induced in vitro platelet aggregation (%Max &gt; 50%) and promoted plasma coagulation. At the manufacturer-recommended concentration, TAAV significantly cross-neutralized the hematotoxic effects of T. purpureomaculatus and T. hageni venoms (p &lt; 0.0001) but failed to neutralize coagulation induced by T. wagleri. CRAV showed no cross-neutralization against arboreal pit viper venoms. In contrast, HPAV strongly inhibited platelet aggregation and coagulation induced by all tested venoms (p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: These findings highlight the limited cross-neutralization capacity of monovalent antivenoms against arboreal pit viper hematotoxicity. In contrast, HPAV demonstrated broad cross-neutralizing activity and may represent a practical therapeutic option for Southeast Asian pit viper envenoming when species-specific antivenoms are unavailable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:47:02Z","timestamp":1776181622000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential Hematotoxic Activity of Southeast Asian Pit Viper Venoms: The Cross-Neutralizing Effect of Available Antivenoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dollapak","family":"Apipongrat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0327-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad Rusdi","family":"Ahmad Rusmili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, IIUM Centre for Natural and Health Sciences Kuantan Campus, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornkanok","family":"Thapanasopon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Academic Affairs, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khatsophon","family":"Poonaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Academic Affairs, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7877-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wittawat","family":"Chantkran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2367-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janeyuth","family":"Chaisakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2016.07.029","article-title":"Diversification in vipers: Phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates","volume":"105","author":"Alencar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. 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