{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:59:15Z","timestamp":1788998355495,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hormonal contraception is used by hundreds of millions of women worldwide and remains one of the most effective reversible methods of pregnancy prevention. Cardiovascular (CV) safety concerns, particularly venous thromboembolism (VTE), ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and blood pressure elevation, are important considerations when choosing forms of contraception. Estrogen-containing combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) increase the relative risk of VTE; however, among healthy young nonsmokers, absolute event rates remain low. Risk is strongly modified by estrogen dose, progestin type, route of administration, and individual factors such as age, smoking, migraine with aura, hypertension, obesity, inherited thrombophilia, the postpartum period, and concomitant prothrombotic medications. Progestin-only contraceptives and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSs) generally show a more favorable thrombotic profile and are preferred options for women with contraindications for estrogen. This review summarizes current evidence on the method-specific CV risks of hormonal contraception, highlights the mechanisms underlying these effects, and provides practical guidance for clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:04:42Z","timestamp":1776330282000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular Safety of Hormonal Contraception: Method-Specific Risks and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8654-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Waluszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4029-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Borowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6985-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Paciorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5443-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letycja","family":"Musz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9736-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"Szczurek-Wasilewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2024.102573","article-title":"Common myths and misconceptions surrounding hormonal contraception","volume":"98","author":"Black","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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