{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:11:02Z","timestamp":1788379862481,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are frequently used in the emergency department and intensive care unit for a wide range of critical conditions, including atrial fibrillation, hypertensive emergencies, acute pulmonary edema with sympathetic crashing, pulmonary hypertension, and vasospastic syndromes. However, their toxicity can lead to significant hemodynamic compromise, underscoring the importance of understanding their pharmacologic effects and safety profile. This review summarizes the current applications of CCBs in critically ill patients, evaluates their safety in congestive heart failure, and highlights emerging therapeutic roles and recent advances in the management of CCB toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:12:31Z","timestamp":1777363951000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Calcium Channel Blockers in Critical Care Medicine: Current Clinical Applications and Future Investigational Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram M.","family":"Eraky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Medical Education, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Grabau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole","family":"Gadd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jarosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Premkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD003654","article-title":"Calcium Channel Blockers Versus Other Classes of Drugs for Hypertension","volume":"2022","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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