{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:11:51Z","timestamp":1777867911886,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics primarily exert their effect on planktonic microbial states, limiting their ability to eradicate biofilms commonly seen in chronic infections. This is because the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics needed to kill microbes in biofilms can be up to 1000 times greater than when microbes are in their planktonic state. Yet up to 70% of all chronic infections are associated with a biofilm component. Consequently, novel therapeutics are needed to aid in the treatment of chronic biofilm infections. One such approach is to repurpose drugs that have demonstrated safety for non-infectious clinical indications. The main advantage of this approach is that the agents have already been shown to be safe for human administration, which can expedite clinical trial development of agents for biofilm infections. Unfortunately, most clinicians are unaware of the antimicrobial properties of some commonly used drugs. Thus, the aim of this Perspective was to discuss the potential of four drugs that have theoretical promise as adjuvants in the treatment of chronic biofilm infections. This was accomplished by providing detailed discussion of each agent with respect to current clinical use, potential mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, and present data to support use as adjuvant biofilm agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:47:28Z","timestamp":1777546048000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repurposing Non-Infectious Therapeutic Agents to Aid in the Treatment of Chronic Biofilm Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3642-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lila","family":"Berle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Sodhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1346-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poonam","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazary","family":"Nebeluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-0968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B.","family":"Doub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo7793","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo7793","article-title":"The past, present, and future of antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doub, J.B. (2020). Bacteriophage Therapy for Clinical Biofilm Infections: Parameters That Influence Treatment Protocols and Current Treatment Approaches. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110799"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, L., Pos, E., Nogueira, D.R., Ferreira, F.P., Sousa, R., and Abreu, M.A. (2024). Antibiotics with antibiofilm activity\u2014Rifampicin and beyond. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1435720"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Mohler, J., Mahajan, S.D., Schwartz, S.A., Bruggemann, L., and Aalinkeel, R. (2023). Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061614"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.010","article-title":"Periprosthetic Joint Infections","volume":"39","author":"Hewlett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwana, G., Cock, I.E., Taylor, S.M., and Cheesman, M.J. (2025). Beyond Antibiotics: Repurposing Non-Antibiotic Drugs as Novel Antibacterial Agents to Combat Resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209880"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbarossa, A., Rosato, A., Corbo, F., Clodoveo, M.L., Fracchiolla, G., Carrieri, A., and Carocci, A. (2022). Non-Antibiotic Drug Repositioning as an Alternative Antimicrobial Approach. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060816"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S576701","article-title":"Drug Repurposing as an Effective Drug Discovery Strategy: A Critical Review","volume":"19","author":"Wali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0179","article-title":"Effects of statins on multispecies oral biofilm identify simvastatin as a drug candidate targeting Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"90","author":"Aliko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00191","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights into the Antibiofilm Activity of Simvastatin and Lovastatin against Bacillus subtilis","volume":"22","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paes Leme, R.C., and da Silva, R.B. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Biofilm: Current Evidence and Potential for Drug Repurposing. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.707629"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Cao, W., Fan, S., Liu, R., Zhu, H., Lu, X., Zhang, Z., He, X., Zhang, K., and Huang, J. (2026). Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli-induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK\/SIRT1-mediated NF-\u03baB inhibition. PLoS Pathog., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014012"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nebeluk, N., and Doub, J.B. (2025). Repurposing Agents as Anti-Infective Therapeutics to Aid in the Treatment of Candida auris Infections. Infect. Dis. Rep., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/idr17060144"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.74599","article-title":"Methylene blue: Revisited","volume":"26","author":"Ginimuge","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_746_21","article-title":"Use of methylene blue dye for sentinel lymph node mapping in early-stage gynecological cancers\u2014An option for low resource settings","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101314","article-title":"The Location of Biofilms on Chronic Prosthetic Joint Infections and the Ramifications for Clinical Practice","volume":"25","author":"Doub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthroplast. Today"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.07.019","article-title":"Methylene Blue-Guided Debridement as an Intraoperative Adjunct for the Surgical Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"32","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109105450","article-title":"Risk of severe serotonin toxicity following co-administration of methylene blue and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: An update on a case report of post-operative delirium","volume":"24","author":"Stanford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90072-5","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by methylene blue","volume":"45","author":"Mayer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2018.1467876","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy\u2014What we know and what we don\u2019t","volume":"44","author":"Cieplik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92481-9","article-title":"Methylene blue has a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 influenza virus in the absence of UV-activation in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Cagno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12978","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12978","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue and its derivatives in animal studies: Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Cardozo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazel, D., Erinmez, M., \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkant\u00fcrk, G., and Saadat, K.A.S.M. (2024). In Vitro and Ex Vivo Investigation of the Antibacterial Effects of Methylene Blue against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020241"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno-Silva, B., Parma-Garcia, J., Frigo, L., Su\u00e1rez, L.J., Macedo, T.T., Uyeda, F.H., Melo, M.A.R.D.C., Sacco, R., Mour\u00e3o, C.F., and Feres, M. (2024). Antimicrobial Activity of Methylene Blue Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Study in Multi-Species Oral Biofilm. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040342"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43591","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c09449","article-title":"In Situ Polymerization of Methylene Blue on Bacterial Cellulose for Photodynamic\/Photoelectricity Synergistic Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shershnev, I., Solovieva, A., Kopylov, A., Cherkasova, A., Kaplin, V., Rachev, S., Kuryanova, A., Aksenova, N., Timofeeva, V., and Akovantseva, A. (2025). Photosensitizing systems based on alginate aerogels and methylene blue for controlled release of dye for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1702876"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1478424","article-title":"A comparative study of edetate calcium disodium and dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of lead poisoning in adults","volume":"56","author":"Sakthithasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA06418A","article-title":"Tetrasodium EDTA for the prevention of urinary catheter infections and blockages","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2107","article-title":"Effect of Disodium EDTA Chelation Regimen on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Previous Myocardial Infarction: The TACT Randomized Trial","volume":"309","author":"Lamas","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.11463","article-title":"Edetate Disodium\u2013Based Chelation for Patients with a Previous Myocardial Infarction and Diabetes: TACT2 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"332","author":"Lamas","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-8-1-189","article-title":"In-vitro effect of edta-tris-lysozyme solutions on selected pathogenic bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Wooley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.3.2064-2069.2006","article-title":"Chelator-induced dispersal and killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a biofilm","volume":"72","author":"Banin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2017_134","article-title":"The Efficacy of Tetrasodium EDTA on Biofilms","volume":"Volume 1057","author":"Percival","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290096522","article-title":"Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA","volume":"21","author":"Lanigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Fryar, C.D., Kruszon-Moran, D., Gu, Q., Carroll, M.D., and Ogden, C.L. (2026, April 04). Mean Body Weight, Height, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents: United States, 1999\u20132018, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhsr\/nhsr160-508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3892","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: Amelioration of acute renal impairment using ethyl pyruvate","volume":"9","author":"Reade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2008.08.005","article-title":"A Phase II Multicenter Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Ethyl Pyruvate in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass","volume":"23","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200108000-00003","article-title":"Ringer\u2019s ethyl pyruvate solution ameliorates ischemia\/reperfusion-induced intestinal mucosal injury in rats","volume":"29","author":"Sims","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"248","article-title":"Ringer\u2019s ethyl pyruvate in hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation does not improve early hemodynamics or tissue energetics","volume":"23","author":"Mulier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2018.12.007","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate and analogs as potential treatments for acute pancreatitis: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264580","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4264580","article-title":"Protective Effect of Ethyl Pyruvate against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through Regulations of ROS-Related NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"2019","author":"Jun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22787","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate attenuates cerebral hypoxia\/reoxygenation injury in neuroblastoma cells: Role of GAS6\/Axl signaling","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106016","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate confers protection against endotoxemia and sepsis by inhibiting caspase-11-dependent cell pyroptosis","volume":"78","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"265","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine: Multiple clinical applications","volume":"80","author":"Millea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debebe, T., Kr\u00fcger, M., Huse, K., Kacza, J., M\u00fchlberg, K., K\u00f6nig, B., and Birkenmeier, G. (2016). Ethyl Pyruvate: An Anti-Microbial Agent that Selectively Targets Pathobionts and Biofilms. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162919"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90612-2","article-title":"Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine","volume":"2","author":"Prescott","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058401200312","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Acetylcysteine (Fabrol\u00ae) in Chronic Bronchitis: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study","volume":"12","author":"Jackson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"British Thoracic Society Research Committee (1985). Oral N-acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction. Thorax, 40, 832\u2013835.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.40.11.832"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"5119","article-title":"Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in respiratory disease with abnormal mucus secretion","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2018.07.044","article-title":"Strategies to Reduce Acute Kidney Injury and Improve Clinical Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Subgroup Analysis of the PRESERVE Trial","volume":"11","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, R., Zheng, R., Deng, B., Liu, P., and Wang, Y. (2023). Association of N-acetylcysteine use with contrast-induced nephropathy: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1235023"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01026-y","article-title":"Safety of N-Acetylcysteine at High Doses in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Calverley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"4316","article-title":"Rationale and evidence for the adjunctive use of N-acetylcysteine in multidrug-resistant infections","volume":"27","author":"Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0100622","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01006-22","article-title":"Activity of N-Acetylcysteine Alone and in Combination with Colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms and Transcriptomic Response to N-Acetylcysteine Exposure","volume":"10","author":"Valzano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, M., Mascellino, M.T., Miele, M.C., Al Ismail, D., Colone, M., Stringaro, A., Vullo, V., Venditti, M., Mastroianni, C.M., and Oliva, A. (2022). High Activity of N-Acetylcysteine in Combination with Beta-Lactams against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020225"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa093","article-title":"The effect of N-acetylcysteine in a combined antibiofilm treatment against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"75","author":"Manoharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demkow, U. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NETs) Degradation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054896"}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/2\/226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:10:15Z","timestamp":1777547415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/2\/226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci14020226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14020226","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}