{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:12:23Z","timestamp":1780078343990,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. Mental health disorders are common comorbidities that significantly influence how patients access and navigate specialist care. Increasingly, mental illness is recognized not merely as a comorbidity but as a potential driver of inequities in cardiovascular care, affecting diagnosis, referral, procedural management, and long-term secondary prevention. These concerns are particularly relevant in cardiac surgery, where care pathways are complex and resource-intensive. Aims and Objectives: This narrative review examines recent evidence on inequalities in access to cardiac surgery and postoperative outcomes among patients with mental health disorders. Particular emphasis is placed on severe mental illness, mood disorders, anxiety-related conditions, and mixed psychiatric cohorts. Materials and Methods: A structured narrative review approach was employed. PubMed and ScienceDirect were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025, including cohort studies, registry analyses, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The evidence was synthesized thematically, focusing on access to care, perioperative management, clinical outcomes, underlying mechanisms, ethical considerations, policy implications, and future research directions. Results: Evidence suggests that patients with mental health disorders are more likely to undergo cardiac surgery via emergency pathways, experience longer hospital stays, and have higher rates of readmission. Individuals with severe mental illness are less likely to receive invasive coronary procedures compared to the general population and exhibit higher short- and long-term mortality following acute coronary syndromes. Among psychiatric subgroups, psychosis-spectrum disorders appear to be associated with the greatest excess risk of morbidity, mortality, and adverse long-term surgical outcomes. Conclusions: Patients with mental health disorders face inequities across the entire surgical pathway, including preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative phases. Key contributing factors include stigma, diagnostic overshadowing, fragmented healthcare systems, socioeconomic disadvantage, and insufficiently developed models of integrated care. Addressing these disparities requires redesigned referral pathways, strengthened multidisciplinary collaboration (including cardiology, cardiac surgery, psychiatry, and primary care), and a shift toward interventional research aimed at reducing inequities rather than solely documenting them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1780076178000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inequalities in Access to and Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery Among Patients with Mental Health Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Leivaditis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0606-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofoklis","family":"Mitsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesk","family":"Mulita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia\u2014Unit of Aigio, 25100 Aigio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Maniatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos G.","family":"Baikoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ippokrateio General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ejona","family":"Shaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cAli Mihali\u201d Psychiatric Hospital, 9401 Vlora, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4672-6396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysa","family":"Andrikopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia\u2014Unit of Aigio, 25100 Aigio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Liolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, General University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3137-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodora","family":"Skoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Aretaeion Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Antzoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Boucharas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia\u2014Unit of Aigio, 25100 Aigio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8882-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Sepetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Health and Social Care Management Program, Department of Business Administration, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Tomos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20420","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: A large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls","volume":"16","author":"Correll","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae054","article-title":"Severe mental illness: Cardiovascular risk assessment and management","volume":"45","author":"Polcwiartek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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