{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:02:43Z","timestamp":1781089363709,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Bilateral robotic arm training (BRT) may enhance poststroke motor recovery by reducing interhemispheric inhibition and promoting bilateral motor network engagement. However, previous reviews have often pooled bilateral and unilateral robotic approaches, potentially masking differential effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effects of BRT with those of unilateral robotic training (URT) and conventional rehabilitation on upper-limb motor function after stroke. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified through systematic searches of major electronic databases and trial registries in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed via the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Random effects meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean differences (SMDs). Predefined subgroup and sensitivity analyses were used to examine the influence of participant characteristics, training dose, intervention duration, and robotic device type. Results: Fourteen randomized controlled trials involving 440 participants were included. Overall, compared with control interventions, BRT did not significantly improve upper-limb motor function, as measured using the Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI \u22120.01\u20130.36). Significant effects were observed in participants younger than 60 years, with training doses &gt; 15 h, intervention durations &gt; 4 weeks, and use of Bi-Manu-Track systems. Conclusions: BRT did not demonstrate a significant overall advantage over URT or conventional rehabilitation. However, subgroup analyses suggest that treatment effects may vary according to patient characteristics, training dose, duration of the intervention, and device type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1780668642000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Bilateral Robotic Arm Training in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sasithorn","family":"Khawprapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuttaset","family":"Manimmanakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Otaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6985-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jittima","family":"Saengsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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