{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:36:46Z","timestamp":1792442206545,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the skin that has increased dramatically over the past decade and significantly impacts individual quality of life. Corticosteroids are still the primary therapy for AD, but there are limitations to their continued use due to potential adverse effects, particularly when used in sensitive areas. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, are available as a safe, steroid-sparing alternative that directly inhibit calcineurin-mediated activation of T cells and have been shown to be efficacious according to varying clinical study designs including randomized controlled trials, registry studies and meta-analyses. Although there was controversy regarding the safety of CNIs subsequent to the FDA\u2019s black-box warning in 2006, the preponderance of evidence supports their continued safety when used as directed. In contrast to biologics and JAK inhibitors, CNIs occupy an inherently unique therapeutic niche for use in pediatric patients, have demonstrated historical efficacy, and can provide localized affordable treatment in sensitive areas including the face, eyelids and intertriginous surfaces. Furthermore, the role of CNIs in the context of precision dermatology continues to be defined through new innovations including barrier-repair strategies used in combination with topical medications, microneedle systems, and nanocarrier formulations. Hence, the role of CNIs in the current AD treatment paradigm is crucial and lies at the interface between topical corticosteroids and systemic immunomodulatory agents. The narrative review discusses recent advances in formulation strategies, combination approaches, and targeted delivery systems, underscoring how CNIs continue to bridge established practice and emerging therapeutic innovation in AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:04:14Z","timestamp":1780913054000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Calcineurin Inhibitors in Atopic Dermatitis: Balancing Tradition with Emerging Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1252-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jagannath University, Bahadurgarh 124507, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8454-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Arman","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Tanani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrestha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4157-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manita","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India"},{"name":"Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Panipat 132145, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51560","article-title":"Management of atopic dermatitis: A narrative review","volume":"216","author":"Goh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. 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