{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:39:20Z","timestamp":1792291160262,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Diuretic resistance is a recognized complication in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with worse clinical outcomes; however, information regarding its frequency and associated factors in hospitalized patients in Mexico is limited. This study aimed to describe the frequency of diuretic resistance in patients hospitalized with HF in a hospital unit in western Mexico and to identify factors associated with diuretic resistance. Methods: This retrospective study used data obtained from clinical records. Patients older than 18 years with decompensated HF whose complete clinical records included the variables of interest were included. Patients were classified according to the presence or absence of diuretic resistance. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with diuretic resistance. Results: A total of 76 patients were analyzed, and the frequency of diuretic resistance was 35.5% (n = 27). In bivariate analysis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, elevated creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine protein levels, decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum albumin, and prior treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ACEI\/AARII) were significantly associated with diuretic resistance. In the multivariate logistic regression model, prior ACEI\/AARII treatment, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, BUN levels, and serum albumin levels remained independently associated with diuretic resistance classification. Conclusions: Diuretic resistance was frequent in this cohort of patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure, and several clinical and biochemical factors were independently associated with its occurrence. These findings may help identify patients at higher risk of diuretic resistance, although they should be confirmed in future prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:14:58Z","timestamp":1781180098000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frequency and Risk Factors for Diuretic Resistance in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure: A Retrospective Single-Center Study in Western Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Leobardo Sa\u00fal De la","family":"Torre-Cabrales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabino","family":"Cervantes-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Vicente-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6249-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabino","family":"Cervantes-Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Bienestar y Desarrollo Sustentable, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 46200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonzalez-Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Biom\u00e9dica 02, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Guadalajara 44350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6230-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clotilde","family":"Fuentes-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Biom\u00e9dica 02, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Guadalajara 44350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Hernandez-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas de la Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6686-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet Cristina","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio Alfredo","family":"Ambriz-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Medicina, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Asdruval","family":"Zepeda-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Cervantes-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Disciplinas Filos\u00f3ficas, Metodol\u00f3gicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zu\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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