{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T06:55:51Z","timestamp":1781679351388,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysregulation of the c-Myc oncogene is a pivotal event in leukemia pathogenesis and therapy resistance. This review synthesizes current evidence, illustrating that c-Myc drives leukemogenesis by enhancing proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and upregulating immune checkpoints like PD-L1. Its overexpression is linked to poor treatment outcomes across various leukemia subtypes. Directly targeting c-Myc remains challenging; however, indirect epigenetic modifiers (BET inhibitors), transcriptional disruption (CDK9 inhibitors), and combination therapies emerge as promising strategies to suppress its oncogenic activity and overcome resistance, paving the way for improved clinical management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14020325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1781661518000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["c-Myc-Induced Therapy Resistance in Leukemia: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5594-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Rafat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. 87159-87411"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Arabpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 14115-154"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haniye","family":"Yarahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. 51579-44511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hediye","family":"Khalkhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. 51579-44511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Mazloumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 51579-44511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2225-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyyede Sepide","family":"Ashraf Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. 87159-87411"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Kalarestaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cell, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. 56189-58911"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Dizaji Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology and Anatomy, TaMS.C, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. 51579-44511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Nejati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, USA. PA 19111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chennamadhavuni, A., Lyengar, V., Mukkamalla, S., and Shimanovsky, A. (2023). Leukemia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207322666181231151900","article-title":"Analysis of four types of leukemia using gene ontology term and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment scores","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673267738231129104216","article-title":"Recent advances in signaling pathways and kinase inhibitors for leukemia chemotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-024-02452-y","article-title":"Global patterns of leukemia by subtype, age, and sex in 185 countries in 2022","volume":"39","author":"Daltveit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00542-z","article-title":"Obesity and leukemia: Biological mechanisms, perspectives, and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Tsilingiris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111735","article-title":"OTUB1 promotes the progression of acute myeloid leukemia by regulating glycolysis via deubiquitinating c-Myc","volume":"131","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.2662","article-title":"Contemporary management of acute myeloid leukemia: A review","volume":"10","author":"Venugopal","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, V., Kushwaha, V., Panwar, A., Sheikh, I., Anuprabha, M.S., Upadhyay, S.K., Ramniwas, S., Arora, P., and Sharma, A.K. (2024). Oncogenes and oncogenesis: Origin, development, cause, and therapy. Anticancer Therapeutics: Bionanotechnology, Nanomedicine and Phytochemicals, De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111349541-002"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30030027","article-title":"Myc beyond cancer: Regulation of mammalian tissue regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Illi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000001094","article-title":"Advances in the pathogenesis of FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and targeted treatments","volume":"36","author":"Travaglini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155161","article-title":"The impact of the BCR-ABL oncogene in the pathology and treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"254","author":"Nsairat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol.-Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05966-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel cryptic variant chromosomal rearrangement involving 9q34, 22q11. 2, and 5q22 resulting in ins (9; 22) and t (5; 22) in chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report","volume":"103","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondoni, M., Marconi, G., Nicoletti, A., Giannini, B., Zuffa, E., Giannini, M.B., Mianulli, A., Norata, M., Monaco, F., and Zaccheo, I. (2025). Low WT1 Expression Identifies a Subset of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with a Distinct Genotype. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071213"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010960","article-title":"Genetic features and outcomes of allogeneic transplantation in patients with WT1-mutated myeloid neoplasms","volume":"8","author":"Baranwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2024.2443577","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches targeting oncogenic proteins in myeloid leukemia: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.07.006","article-title":"MYC: A complex problem","volume":"33","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.24.7842","article-title":"Two human c-onc genes are located on the long arm of chromosome 8","volume":"79","author":"Neel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7824","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.24.7824","article-title":"Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells","volume":"79","author":"Bregni","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601910378024","article-title":"Myc: The beauty and the beast","volume":"1","author":"Wasylishen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90227-7","article-title":"Activation and somatic mutation of the translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma cells","volume":"36","author":"Taub","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, S., Chen, B., Huo, J., and Liu, X. (2022). Therapeutic potential of NR4A1 in cancer: Focus on metabolism. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.972984"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.03.003","article-title":"Pan-cancer alterations of the MYC oncogene and its proximal network across the cancer genome atlas","volume":"6","author":"Schaub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2017.06.006","article-title":"MYC expression correlates with PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9935","article-title":"MYC regulates the antitumor immune response through CD47 and PD-L1","volume":"352","author":"Casey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.07.002","article-title":"B cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"34","author":"Burger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trejo-Sol\u00eds, C., Castillo-Rodr\u00edguez, R.A., Serrano-Garc\u00eda, N., Silva-Adaya, D., Vargas-Cruz, S., Ch\u00e1vez-Cort\u00e9z, E.G., Gallardo-P\u00e9rez, J.C., Zavala-Vega, S., Cruz-Salgado, A., and Maga\u00f1a-Maldonado, R. (2024). Metabolic roles of HIF1, c-Myc, and p53 in glioma cells. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14050249"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2399","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase control of the initiation-to-elongation switch of RNA polymerase II","volume":"19","author":"Larochelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01284-9","article-title":"X-ray structures of Myc-Max and Mad-Max recognizing DNA: Molecular bases of regulation by proto-oncogenic transcription factors","volume":"112","author":"Nair","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaulieu, M.-E., Castillo, F., and Soucek, L. (2020). Structural and Biophysical Insights into the Function of the Intrinsically Disordered Myc Oncoprotein. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9041038"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-018-0008-7","article-title":"Targeting oncogenic Myc as a strategy for cancer treatment","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination","volume":"8","author":"Mateyak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00163.x","article-title":"Identification of a Myc-dependent step during the formation of active G1 cyclin-cdk complexes","volume":"14","author":"Steiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2911736","article-title":"Dynamic expression pattern of the myc protooncogene in midgestation mouse embryos","volume":"243","author":"Schmid","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Expression of the myc proto-oncogenes in developing human fetal brain","volume":"5","author":"Hirvonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0507","article-title":"MYC, metabolism, and cancer","volume":"5","author":"Stine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnanaprakasam, J.R., and Wang, R. (2017). MYC in regulating immunity: Metabolism and beyond. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8030088"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070876","article-title":"FBW7 mutations in leukemic cells mediate NOTCH pathway activation and resistance to \u03b3-secretase inhibitors","volume":"204","author":"Grim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/BS9.0000000000000073","article-title":"MYC in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Functional implications and targeted strategies","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc904","article-title":"c-MYC: More than just a matter of life and death","volume":"2","author":"Pelengaris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00549-2","article-title":"The MYC oncogene\u2014The grand orchestrator of cancer growth and immune evasion","volume":"19","author":"Dhanasekaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/75007","article-title":"Caspase 8 is deleted or silenced preferentially in childhood neuroblastomas with amplification of MYCN","volume":"6","author":"Teitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/6010","article-title":"Direct activation of TERT transcription by c-MYC","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, H., Hou, Y., Li, J., Song, C., and Ge, Z. (2023). Azacitidine is synergistically lethal with XPO1 inhibitor selinexor in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting XPO1\/eIF4E\/c-MYC signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076816"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qie, Z., Ma, L., Tan, J., and Peng, X. (2025). Selinexor in acute myeloid leukemia: Therapeutic applications and current challenges. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1602911"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.09.016","article-title":"Polo-like kinase-1 regulates Myc stabilization and activates a feedforward circuit promoting tumor cell survival","volume":"64","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892029265046231011100327","article-title":"Deacetylation of Histones and Non-histone Proteins in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer Therapeutic Potential of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Man","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00839-z","article-title":"Novel HDAC inhibitor MAKV-8 and imatinib synergistically kill chronic myeloid leukemia cells via inhibition of BCR-ABL\/MYC-signaling: Effect on imatinib resistance and stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Lernoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13319","article-title":"MYC and therapy resistance in cancer: Risks and opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Donati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulation of PD-L1 expression in cancer and clinical implications in immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hon, K.W., Zainal Abidin, S.A., Othman, I., and Naidu, R. (2021). The crosstalk between signaling pathways and cancer metabolism in colorectal cancer. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.768861"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Guo, X., Miao, Z., and Ma, S. (2020). Atractylenolide I induces apoptosis and suppresses glycolysis by blocking the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00273"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godet, A.-C., David, F., Hantelys, F., Tatin, F., Lacazette, E., Garmy-Susini, B., and Prats, A.-C. (2019). IRES trans-acting factors, key actors of the stress response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201901.0081.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.06.022","article-title":"Positive feedback of DDX6\/c-Myc\/PTB1 regulated by miR-124 contributes to maintenance of the Warburg effect in colon cancer cells","volume":"1852","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11662-3","article-title":"CD36 inhibits \u03b2-catenin\/c-myc-mediated glycolysis through ubiquitination of GPC4 to repress colorectal tumorigenesis","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001889","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001889","article-title":"Control of PD-L1 expression in CLL-cells by stromal triggering of the Notch-c-Myc-EZH2 oncogenic signaling axis","volume":"9","author":"Bruns","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V120.21.1778.1778","article-title":"The PD-1\/PD-L1 axis contributes to T cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"120","author":"Brusa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"4512","article-title":"EZH2 overexpression in natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma confers growth advantage independently of histone methyltransferase activity","volume":"121","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2019.1633867","article-title":"EZH2 upregulates the PI3K\/AKT pathway through IGF1R and MYC in clinically aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"14","author":"Kosalai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01043-1","article-title":"c-MYC mediates the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and tumor microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-2797","article-title":"Effects of MAPK and PI3K pathways on PD-L1 expression in melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Atefi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO934","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2023-0111","article-title":"Collaboration of Hprt\/K-RAS\/c-Myc mutation in the oncogenesis of T-lymphocytic leukemia: A comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Kadry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.7.7949","article-title":"The c-MYC-AP4-p21 cascade","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35090","article-title":"Leukemia-associated NOTCH1 alleles are weak tumor initiators but accelerate K-ras\u2013initiated leukemia","volume":"118","author":"Chiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201237","article-title":"c-Myc plays a role in cellular susceptibility to death receptor-mediated and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human monocytic leukemia U937 cells","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedoris, K.C., Thomas, S.D., and Miller, D.M. (2010). Hypoxia induces differential translation of enolase\/MBP-1. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-157"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30590","article-title":"Long noncoding RNAs: A novel insight in the leukemogenesis and drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"237","author":"Kirtonia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"145","article-title":"Involvement Value of FLT-3, c-Myc, STAT3, p27, and HOTAIR Gene Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Molecular Perspective to a Novel Leukemogenesis Mechanism","volume":"17","author":"Asadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay, J., Tarafdar, A., Holroyd, A.K., Moka, H.A., Dunn, K.M., Alshayeb, A., Lloyd, B.H., Cassels, J., Malik, N., and Khan, A.F. (2022). PKC\u03b2 facilitates leukemogenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia by promoting constitutive BCR-mediated signalling. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.04.506520"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-022-00576-w","article-title":"Small molecule-induced epigenomic reprogramming of APL blasts leading to antiviral-like response and c-MYC downregulation","volume":"30","author":"Amatori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conserva, M.R., Redavid, I., Anelli, L., Zagaria, A., Tarantini, F., Cumbo, C., Tota, G., Parciante, E., Coccaro, N., and Minervini, C.F. (2023). IKAROS in acute leukemia: A positive influencer or a mean hater?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043282"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06019-0","article-title":"Histone acetylation by HBO1 (KAT7) activates Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling to promote leukemogenesis in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30030024","article-title":"Shift of N-MYC Oncogene expression in AML patients carrying the FLT3-ITD mutation","volume":"30","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601910377495","article-title":"Myc roles in hematopoiesis and leukemia","volume":"1","author":"Delgado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellin.2025.100274","article-title":"PAK4 phosphorylates and stabilizes MYC to promote acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Insight"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwae031","article-title":"SMAD2\/3-SMYD2 and developmental transcription factors cooperate with cell-cycle inhibitors to guide tissue formation","volume":"16","author":"Militi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119145","article-title":"Rocaglamide reprograms glucose metabolism in erythroleukemic cells via c-MYC transcriptional regulation of TXNIP and HK2","volume":"339","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2024.25.6.1959","article-title":"Anti-Leukemic Effects of Small Molecule Inhibitor of c-Myc (10058-F4) on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells","volume":"25","author":"Zehtabcheh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.020","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Bullinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03675-7","article-title":"MircoRNAs predict and modulate responses to chemotherapy in leukemic patients","volume":"398","author":"Ellakwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21608\/fpmpeb.2024.393422","article-title":"The Role of \u03b2-Catenin and c-Myc Dysregulation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Study of Egyptian Patients","volume":"1","author":"Rasheed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Perspect. Med. Pharm. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Lin, T., Zhu, J., Zhou, M., Fan, S., Zhou, H., Mu, Q., Sheng, L., and Ouyang, G. (2023). Prognostic and therapeutic implications of iron-related cell death pathways in acute myeloid leukemia. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1222098"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasic, V., Karan-Djurasevic, T., Pavlovic, D., Zukic, B., Pavlovic, S., and Tosic, N. (2022). Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of long non-coding RNAs in leukemia. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111770"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Sater, A.H.A., Fahrmann, J.F., Irajizad, E., Cai, Y., Katayama, H., Vykoukal, J., Kobayashi, M., Dennison, J.B., and Garcia-Manero, G. (2022). Novel UHRF1-MYC axis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174262"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946320231197592","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231197592","article-title":"Conferone, a coumarin from Ferula flabelliloba, induced toxic effects on adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells","volume":"37","author":"Rafatpanah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34472","DOI":"10.34172\/ipp.2025.34472","article-title":"Immunohistochemical evaluation of CD10, BCL6, BCL2, MUM1 and MYC in diffuse large B-cell brain lymphoma; diagnostic and prognostic significance","volume":"11","author":"Zerehpoosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunopathol. Persa"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, R., Gon\u00e7alves, A.C., Rutella, S., Almeida, A.M., De Las Rivas, J., Trougakos, I.P., and Sarmento Ribeiro, A.B. (2021). Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia\u2014From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194820"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2024.2447362","article-title":"The multi-faceted roles of MYC in the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"66","author":"Ysebaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153932","article-title":"Mutual regulation between histone methyltransferase Suv39h1 and the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exposed to hydroquinone","volume":"508","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-09059-z","article-title":"siRNA-mediated downregulation of BATF3 diminished proliferation and induced apoptosis through downregulating c-Myc expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells","volume":"51","author":"Dabbaghipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01745-1","article-title":"CDK8 maintains stemness and tumorigenicity of glioma stem cells by regulating the c-MYC pathway","volume":"40","author":"Fukasawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01605-x","article-title":"c-Myc alone is enough to reprogram fibroblasts into functional macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd, G.M., Laird, M.C., Ku, J.C., and Li, Y. (2023). Hypoxia-induced cancer cell reprogramming: A review on how cancer stem cells arise. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1227884"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1002\/hem3.116","article-title":"RNA binding protein-directed control of leukemic stem cell evolution and function","volume":"8","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43799","DOI":"10.34172\/ipp.2025.43799","article-title":"CD34+ CD38-stem cells and CD34+ CD38+ progenitor cells as markers of chemotherapy response in acute myeloid leukemia patients","volume":"11","author":"Fergany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunopathol. Persa"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Peng, P., Bao, L.-W., Zhang, A.-Q., Yu, B., Li, T., Lei, J., Zhang, H.-H., and Li, S.-Z. (2024). Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 1 Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression by Stabilizing c-MYC. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.2088.v1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108527","article-title":"The ubiquitin ligase NKLAM promotes apoptosis and suppression of cell growth","volume":"301","author":"Willard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, D., Das, P.K., and Biswas, S.D. (2025). Chapter 6-Human genome and genomic variations associated with diseases. Advancing Science and Innovation in Healthcare Research, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Park, J.H. (2025). Functional Analysis of Fnip1 and Sox6 on Chicken Muscle Fiber Formation. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Seoul National University]."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, J.-H., Lee, Y.J., Oh, J.J., Han, Y.J., and Jung, J.H. (2025). Elucidating the Role of CNOT2 in Regulating Cancer Cell Growth via the Modulation of p53 and c-Myc Expression. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47080615"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.70044","article-title":"Evaluation of c-Myc and Phosphorylated Glucocorticoid Receptor (p-GR) for Predicting Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing\u2014A Diabetic Foot Consortium Study","volume":"33","author":"Kirsner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01216-3","article-title":"SNORA47 affects stemness and chemotherapy sensitivity via EBF3\/RPL11\/c-Myc axis in luminal A breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-163955","article-title":"The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01272-w","article-title":"LncRNA-PACERR induces pro-tumour macrophages via interacting with miR-671-3p and m6A-reader IGF2BP2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-025-01086-1","article-title":"Novel insights into lncRNAs as key regulators of post-translational modifications in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, K., May, H.A., and Kang, M.H. (2024). Targeting molecular signaling pathways and cytokine responses to modulate c-MYC in acute myeloid leukemia. Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.), 16.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbs1603015"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Liu, D., Yuan, Y., Sun, C., and Su, Z. (2025). Rethinking MYC inhibition: A multi-dimensional approach to overcome cancer\u2019s master regulator. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1601975"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iudin, M.S., Khodarovich, Y.M., Varizhuk, A.M., Tsvetkov, V.B., and Severov, V.V. (2025). A minireview on BET inhibitors: Beyond bromodomain targeting. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030594"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014633","article-title":"A phase 1 study of the CDK9 inhibitor voruciclib in relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia and B-cell malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Davids","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.149209","article-title":"c-Myc-targeted therapy in breast cancer: A review of fundamentals and pharmacological Insights","volume":"941","author":"Stipp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-025-01143-2","article-title":"MYC in cancer: From undruggable target to clinical trials","volume":"24","author":"Whitfield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01291-6","article-title":"Taking the Myc out of cancer: Toward therapeutic strategies to directly inhibit c-Myc","volume":"20","author":"Madden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00500-y","article-title":"Alternative approaches to target Myc for cancer treatment","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thumpati, P., Rai, S.N., Prajapati, C., Ramakrishna, K., and Singh, S.K. (2025). Targeting c-MYC G-quadruplexes for cancer treatment with small molecules. Sci. Pharm., 93.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm93010006"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/17568919.2025.2504325","article-title":"Key breakthroughs in small molecule MYC inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Dhimitriu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.62347\/RTVX8866","article-title":"Exploiting replication stress for synthetic lethality in MYC-driven cancers","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Popov, D. (2024). The Intersection of Viral Infections, RNA Alterations, and Cancer: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. Viral Carcinogenesis and RNA: Biomarkers, Mechanisms, and RNA-Based Therapies, Advanced Medical Technologies and Systems Inc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70322","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70322","article-title":"RNA Epigenetics in Cancer: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55096-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the dual mTOR\/PI3K inhibitors Gedatolisib (PF-05212384) and PF-04691502 against ovarian cancer xenograft models","volume":"9","author":"Langdon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V118.21.230.230","article-title":"Single-Cell Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of S6 Ribosomal Protein in AML Blasts During Trials Combining Sirolimus and Intensive Chemotherapy: Target Inhibition Enhances Response","volume":"118","author":"Kasner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02695-3","article-title":"Targeting of IRAK4 and GSPT1 enhances therapeutic efficacy in AML via c-Myc destabilization: ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA","volume":"39","author":"Vick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u0119draszek, K., Malczewska, M., Parysek-Wojcik, K., and Lejman, M. (2022). Resistance mechanisms in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063067"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02659-1","article-title":"Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells: Targeting therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Mojtahedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03969-z","article-title":"BAX as the mediator of C-MYC sensitizes acute lymphoblastic leukemia to TLR9 agonists","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.280800","article-title":"Leukemic stem cells and therapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"108","author":"Stelmach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06525-z","article-title":"Innovative evaluation of selinexor and JQ1 synergy in leukemia therapy via C-MYC inhibition","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07928-y","article-title":"Chidamide and cytarabine synergistically treat acute myeloid leukemia: Inhibiting ribosome biogenesis via the MYC-RRP9 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70158","article-title":"Exploiting PP2A dependent and independent effects of forskolin for therapeutic targeting of KMT2A (MLL)-rearranged acute leukaemia","volume":"182","author":"Behrends","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2025.2449863","article-title":"Radioimmunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia: A critical assessment of its prospects and limitations","volume":"18","author":"Bunjes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, M., Shakil, M.S., and Mahmud, K.M. (2023). The promise of nanoparticles-based radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061892"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, M., Podgorsak, A., Li, F., Zhou, Y., Jung, H., Yoon, J., Dona Lemus, O., and Zheng, D. (2025). New approaches in radiotherapy. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17121980"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paganetti, H. (2023). A review on lymphocyte radiosensitivity and its impact on radiotherapy. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1201500"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120402","article-title":"Telomerase inhibition on acute myeloid leukemia stem cell induced apoptosis with both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways","volume":"295","author":"Rafat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02307-3","article-title":"Adaptive antitumor immune response stimulated by bio-nanoparticle based vaccine and checkpoint blockade","volume":"41","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"103","article-title":"The effects of MYC on tumor immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"2007","article-title":"The MYC oncogene is a global regulator of the immune response","volume":"131","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00475","article-title":"Immune biology of acute myeloid leukemia: Implications for immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Khaldoyanidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117024","article-title":"CAR-NK cell therapy in AML: Current treatment, challenges, and advantage","volume":"177","author":"Bahramloo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2024.2344665","article-title":"Treatment adherence and adverse event management in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Challenges and strategies for the future","volume":"17","author":"Upchurch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158015","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2022.2158015","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia: Challenges for diagnosis and treatment in Latin America","volume":"28","author":"Rego","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/BLCTT.S518005","article-title":"Advancing Leukemia Diagnosis and Treatment: WHO-Supported Laboratory Innovations in Africa-A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Lymphat. Cancer Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06856-x","article-title":"Multi-omics based and AI-driven drug repositioning for epigenetic therapy in female malignancies","volume":"23","author":"Salvati","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Gao, Z., Chen, L., Zhang, H., Lin, Y., and Li, J. (2025). Detection of leukemia gene fusions on DNA-level through targeted Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332407"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25595","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment","volume":"94","author":"Hallek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"55","article-title":"Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Personalized Medicine Era","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehzad, A. (2022). Role of Biomarkers in Personalized Medicine. Cancer Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5759-7"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergio, I., Varricchio, C., Squillante, F., Cantale Aeo, N.M., Campese, A.F., and Felli, M.P. (2024). Notch Inhibitors and BH3 Mimetics in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312839"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101936","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101936","article-title":"A novel mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress-and c-Myc-degradation-mediated therapeutic benefits of antineurokinin-1 receptor drugs in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610447","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2022.1610447","article-title":"A novel BRD family PROTAC inhibitor dBET1 exerts great anti-cancer effects by targeting c-MYC in acute myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-025-00334-1","article-title":"Engineered exosomes: Advanced nanocarriers for targeted therapy and drug delivery in hematological malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Rahgoshay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, L.I., and Hartl, M. (2023). Strategies to target the cancer driver MYC in tumor cells. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1142111"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3687","article-title":"Telomerase-based therapies in haematological malignancies","volume":"40","author":"Rafat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94050b8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000973992.94050.b8","article-title":"Pb1784: Cladribine Synergizes the Effect of Venetoclax on Cell Proliferation Arrest and Apoptosis by Targeting DNA-Pkcs\/C-Myc Signaling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hemasphere"}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/2\/325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T06:26:49Z","timestamp":1781677609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/2\/325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci14020325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14020325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}}}