{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:47:04Z","timestamp":1785422824432,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005286","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hdz2063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: To evaluate whether the family history of diabetes mellitus (FHD+) is associated with markers of glucose homeostasis in healthy adults. Methods: Studies evaluating adults aged 18 to 60 years without a diagnosis of cardiometabolic disease, and reporting the influence of FHD+ (at least one first-degree relative) on fasting and 2 h postload glucose, and fasting insulin were included. The electronic database MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched in February 2026 for studies published in English. Results are presented as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals, using random-effects models. Sensitivity analyses were performed considering study design, methodological quality, the definition of FHD+, and participants\u2019 age and sex. Results: Twenty-six studies totaling 3122 individuals were included. Fasting glucose [3.48 (1.34\u20135.63) mg\u00b7dL\u22121; \u2013 = 90%], 2 h postload glucose [4.18 (2.27\u20136.10) mg\u00b7dL\u22121; I2 = 38%], A1c [0.12 (0.04\u20130.19)%; \u2013 = 67%]; fasting insulin [1.72 (0.97\u20132.48) \u00b5U\u00b7mL\u22121; \u2013 = 90%], and HOMA\u2013IR [0.55 (0.42\u20130.69); \u2013 = 70%] were higher (p &lt; 0.001) in individuals with an FHD+. Meta-regression analyses showed no significant associations between mean age or BMI and markers of glucose homeostasis. Findings remained robust across sensitivity and subgroup analyses, with reduced heterogeneity for some outcomes. Conclusions: The available evidence suggests that FHD+ may be associated with markers of impaired glucose homeostasis in healthy adults. However, these results should be interpreted with caution and confirmed in higher-quality prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14030349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:49:33Z","timestamp":1782712173000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Alterations in Glucose Homeostasis Associated with a Family History of Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Karen Dennise Lozada","family":"Tobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5689-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Cristina","family":"Nonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7977-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia Nunes","family":"Dilelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Konig Garcia","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Science, The George Washington University, Washington 20052, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5609-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucieli Teresa","family":"Cambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025). 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