{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:28:02Z","timestamp":1790724482391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cigarette smoking is a widely recognized risk factor for several diseases and a crucial problem in global health, as it contributes to the development and worsening of various diseases, resulting in an increase in both morbidity and mortality. One of the strategies to reduce the impact of tobacco damage is based on the transition from flammable to non-flammable nicotine products. Objectives: The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the effects of traditional cigarette smoking and non-combustible nicotine products on kidney function. Conclusions: The evidence shows that both combustible and non-combustible nicotine products have harmful effects on kidney health and may promote the onset and progression of kidney dysfunction, leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14030386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:17:51Z","timestamp":1783606671000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Flammable and Non-Flammable Nicotine Products on Kidney Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Carollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal and Specialistic Medicine of Excellence \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sorce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal and Specialistic Medicine of Excellence \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4934-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Cirafici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal and Specialistic Medicine of Excellence \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8245-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Ciuppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal and Specialistic Medicine of Excellence \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0430-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Sinatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, \u201cPaolo Borsellino\u201d Hospital, 91025 Marsala, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3806-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Geraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, \u201cKore\u201d University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mul\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal and Specialistic Medicine of Excellence \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210792062920","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Virdis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lushniak, B.D., Samet, J.M., Pechacek, T.F., Norman, L.A., and Taylor, P.A. (2025, August 06). 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