{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:00:30Z","timestamp":1785405630479,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017521","name":"Esteve","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04yns5a36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: On-demand therapies are crucial to manage OFF episodes in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Inhaled levodopa is a rapid and non-invasive treatment option, but data on its real-world use and patient-reported experience remain limited. This study characterized clinical use patterns and patient experience with inhaled levodopa in routine clinical practice. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study including patients with PD treated with inhaled levodopa in two Spanish centers. Data on treatment use, patient-reported clinical response, and satisfaction were collected during a single study visit using study-specific questionnaires. Results: Thirty-five patients were included (mean age 70.6 years; 51.4% women). Most patients used inhaled levodopa once daily (51.4%), with administration patterns varying between on-demand (51.4%), fixed (31.4%), and combined regimens (17.1%). According to routine clinical assessments, 80.0% of patients reported a clinical response to inhaled levodopa, with a mean time to onset of 17.7 min and a mean duration of effect of 122.1 min. The perceived response was rated as moderate or marked in 62.8% of patients and was reported to last until the next scheduled oral levodopa dose in 45.7% of patients. Participants highlighted symptom improvement, ease of identifying the appropriate timing of administration, and a favorable perception of treatment safety. Conclusions: In routine clinical practice, inhaled levodopa was associated with a high patient-reported clinical response and favorable treatment experience across diverse patient profiles. These findings provide relevant insights into the real-world use of inhaled levodopa as an on-demand therapy for OFF episodes in PD. Given the exploratory nature of this study, confirmation in larger prospective studies using validated instruments and objective clinical measures is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14040446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:57:28Z","timestamp":1785254248000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Use Patterns and Patient-Reported Experience with Inhaled Levodopa in Routine Practice: A Two-Center Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1188-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Delgado Ballestero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Consorci Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed, Hospital Universitari Parc Taul\u00ed, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Escalante Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Alfredo","family":"Mandr\u00e1 Noya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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