{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:32:05Z","timestamp":1786116725342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Albuminuria is an important marker of kidney and cardiovascular risk in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Regional data from Mexico remain limited among patients with preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and no previous diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease. This study aimed to describe albuminuria categories observed at a single screening assessment and to explore clinical factors associated with higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) categories in adults with T2DM receiving care at a regional hospital in western Mexico. Methods: This exploratory single-center cross-sectional study included 119 adults with T2DM (mean age, 53.3 \u00b1 11.7 years), preserved eGFR (\u226560 mL\/min\/1.73 m2), and no previous diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease. Albuminuria was classified from a single first-morning uACR measurement as A1 (&lt;30 mg\/g), A2 (30\u2013300 mg\/g), or A3 (&gt;300 mg\/g). Exploratory multivariable ordinal logistic regression evaluated factors associated with higher uACR categories. A secondary exploratory binary model evaluated screen-detected uACR \u2265 30 mg\/g (A2\/A3 versus A1). Results: A1 was observed in 67 patients (56.3%), A2 in 40 (33.6%), and A3 in 12 (10.1%); 52 patients (43.7%) had uACR \u2265 30 mg\/g at screening. The median uACR was 25.6 mg\/g, the median HbA1c was 11.2%, and the median fasting glucose was 280 mg\/dL. In the exploratory ordinal model, longer T2DM duration (OR 1.51 per 5 years; 95% CI 1.09\u20132.10; p = 0.012), higher HbA1c (OR 1.18 per 1% increase; 95% CI 1.01\u20131.38; p = 0.036), and lower eGFR (OR 0.69 per 10 mL\/min\/1.73 m2 increase; 95% CI 0.55\u20130.88; p = 0.003) were associated with higher uACR categories after adjustment for the measured covariates. In the secondary binary model, longer T2DM duration and lower eGFR were associated with screen-detected uACR \u2265 30 mg\/g. Conclusions: A single screening assessment identified uACR \u2265 30 mg\/g in 43.7% of this selected regional cohort. These findings represent screen-detected albuminuria and do not establish persistent albuminuria, diabetic kidney disease, temporality, or causality. Confirmation with repeated uACR measurements and validation in larger longitudinal multicenter studies with detailed medication data are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14040459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:43:02Z","timestamp":1786016582000},"page":"459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Albuminuria Categories at Screening and Associated Clinical Factors in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes, Preserved eGFR, and No Prior Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Exploratory Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study in Western Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Martha Liliana","family":"Miranda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bienestar y Desarrollo Sustentable, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotl\u00e1n 46200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Cervantes-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Disciplinas Filos\u00f3ficas, Metodol\u00f3gicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas de la Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabino","family":"Cervantes-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Vicente-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Biom\u00e9dica 02, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Guadalajara 44350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6230-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clotilde","family":"Fuentes-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Biom\u00e9dica 02, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Guadalajara 44350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6456-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Maciel-Saldierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secundaria Mixta 56 \u201cJuana de Asbaje\u201d, Secretaria de Educaci\u00f3n Jalisco, Guadalajara 44200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"R\u00e1bago-Solorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bienestar y Desarrollo Sustentable, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotl\u00e1n 46200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabino","family":"Cervantes-Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bienestar y Desarrollo Sustentable, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotl\u00e1n 46200, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14791641211058856","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641211058856","article-title":"Early detection of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Thipsawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diab. 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Kidney Dis."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/4\/459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:57:58Z","timestamp":1786017478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/4\/459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci14040459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14040459","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]}}}