{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T04:29:51Z","timestamp":1786768191079,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Carlos III Health Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PI22\/00337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PI22\/00337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00337"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in women and presents marked biological heterogeneity. The androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a biomarker with important prognostic and therapeutic implications, its effect varying according to the molecular subtype. The objective of this study was to analyze AR expression in breast carcinoma samples and its relationship with the different molecular subtypes and clinicopathological variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective study was conducted based on the immunohistochemical analysis of 215 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma samples. AR expression was digitally evaluated as the percentage of positive tumor cells after incubation with an anti-AR monoclonal antibody. Results: A high frequency of AR expression was demonstrated in the cohort, with a median of 53.3%. There were statistically significant differences between molecular subtypes (p &lt; 0.001), detecting greater expression in luminal tumors and markedly low levels in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (median 0.41%). A significant negative correlation was evidenced between AR expression and the Ki-67 proliferation index (\u03c1 = \u22120.272; p &lt; 0.001), both in the overall sample and in the TNBC subgroup. Conclusions: The androgen receptor is associated with specific molecular subtypes and lower tumor proliferation, suggesting a less aggressive phenotype and supporting its role as a biological biomarker and potential therapeutic target in the management of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14040479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1786640495000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Androgen Receptor in Breast Cancer and Its Relationship with Breast Cancer Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ferrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d University Clinical Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d, Pathology Platform, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2081-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Esteban Pedre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n J.","family":"Gonzalo-Arense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d, Pathology Platform, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Ruiz Boluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela Llamas","family":"Sarri\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Alonso Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d, Pathology Platform, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d University Clinical Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2073-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domingo S\u00e1nchez","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d, Pathology Platform, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d University Clinical Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d, Pathology Platform, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0657-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Mendiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital \u201cVirgen de la Arrixaca\u201d, Pathology Platform, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health 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