{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:18:24Z","timestamp":1788157104959,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blue-light filters now span spectacle, contact and intraocular lenses, but the term encompasses technologies with markedly different spectral characteristics and intended outcomes. This state-of-the-art narrative review synthesises peer-reviewed evidence on optical performance, digital eye strain, glare, photostress, sleep and circadian physiology, retinal phototoxicity, macular health, reported adverse effects and commercial translation. Near-clear spectacle filters preserve high-contrast acuity in most studies, but randomised and systematic reviews show no clinically meaningful average reduction in short-term digital eye strain. Some products reduce blue-colour contrast, particularly under low-contrast or low-light conditions, and adverse-event reporting is sparse. Studies of evening filters are heterogeneous: substantial amber attenuation can alter circadian light exposure, yet several trials have found no objective sleep benefit. Conventional visual outcomes with blue-filtering intraocular lenses are broadly comparable with ultraviolet-only lenses, although some individual studies report small mesopic colour or contrast disadvantages; long-term macular protection remains unresolved. Research on contact lenses is limited, typically short-term and often manufacturer-associated, and focuses on glare, photostress, scatter and perceived brightness rather than long-term health outcomes. Taken together, the evidence should be interpreted by filter spectrum and intended outcome, rather than treating blue-light filtering as a single intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14050530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1788155756000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blue-Light Filters in Eye Care: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rowan","family":"Abass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwa","family":"Fathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD013244","article-title":"Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"25158414251412798","article-title":"Blue-light-filtering spectacle lenses in managing vision-related symptoms: An updated review","volume":"18","author":"Naroo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2021.1900283","article-title":"Blue light filtering ophthalmic lenses: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Vagge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12406","article-title":"The effect of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health and the sleep-wake cycle: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Lawrenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, T.W., Li, R.W.H., and Kee, C.S. (2017). Blue-Light Filtering Spectacle Lenses: Optical and Clinical Performances. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169114"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13135","article-title":"Effect of blue-blocking lenses on colour contrast sensitivity","volume":"104","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13139","article-title":"Effect of blue-blocking lenses on colour discrimination","volume":"104","author":"Baldasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, Y., Lu, W., Huang, H., Wu, G., Xu, A., and Jin, W. (2022). The Long-Term Effect of Blue-Light Blocking Spectacle Lenses on Adults\u2019 Contrast Perception. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.898489"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00675-3","article-title":"Blue Light Exposure: Ocular Hazards and Prevention-A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Merle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2017.1375172","article-title":"Evaluating the blue-light hazard from solid state lighting","volume":"25","author":"Bullough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a685","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v81i1.685","article-title":"Evidence on the effects of digital blue light on the eye: A scoping review","volume":"81","author":"Munsamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. Vis. Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001","article-title":"Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor","volume":"21","author":"Brainard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x","article-title":"An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans","volume":"535","author":"Thapan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901824116","article-title":"High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light","volume":"116","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-019-00215-x","article-title":"Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood","volume":"23","author":"Blume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Somnologie"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"CD011977","article-title":"Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health","volume":"2018","author":"Downie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1697-6","article-title":"Recent studies provide an updated clinical perspective on blue light-filtering IOLs","volume":"249","author":"Davison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.12.012","article-title":"Scotopic sensitivity and color vision with a blue-light-absorbing intraocular lens","volume":"33","author":"Greenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.07.034","article-title":"Reduced effect of glare disability on driving performance in patients with blue light-filtering intraocular lenses","volume":"37","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000390","article-title":"Do blue-light filtering intraocular lenses affect visual function?","volume":"91","author":"Lavric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.03.024","article-title":"Luminance contrast with clear and yellow-tinted intraocular lenses","volume":"33","author":"Pierre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.07.024","article-title":"Comparison of photochromic, yellow, and clear intraocular lenses in human eyes under photopic and mesopic lighting conditions","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X.F., Zou, H.D., Yu, Y.F., Sun, Q., and Zhao, N.Q. (2012). Comparison of blue light-filtering IOLs and UV light-filtering IOLs for cataract surgery: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033013"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.039","article-title":"The effect of blue-light filtering intraocular lenses on development and progression of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"128","author":"Achiron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popov, I., Jurenova, D., Valaskova, J., Sanchez-Chicharro, D., Stefanickova, J., Waczulikova, I., and Krasnik, V. (2021). Effect of blue light filtering intraocular lenses on visual perception. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060559"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S213280","article-title":"The effects of blue light-filtering intraocular lenses on the protection and function of the visual system","volume":"13","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.550","article-title":"Intraocular lenses should block UV radiation and violet but not blue light","volume":"123","author":"Mainster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.086553","article-title":"Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: Photoprotection versus photoreception","volume":"90","author":"Mainster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.05.001","article-title":"Do blue light filters confer protection against age-related macular degeneration?","volume":"23","author":"Margrain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.0019","article-title":"Analysis of a systematic review about blue light-filtering intraocular lenses for retinal protection: Understanding the limitations of the evidence","volume":"137","author":"Downie","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43915","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000043915","article-title":"Benefits of blue light-filtering intraocular lenses for subjective sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.10.138","article-title":"A contra-lateral comparison of the visual effects of a photochromic vs. non-photochromic contact lens","volume":"43","author":"Buch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001537","article-title":"The effect of a photochromic contact lens on visual function indoors: A randomised, controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Buch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.03.006","article-title":"The effects of light scatter when using a photochromic vs. non-photochromic contact lens","volume":"13","author":"Hammond","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000731","article-title":"The effects of a senofilcon A contact lens with and without a photochromic additive on positive dysphotopsia across age","volume":"47","author":"Hammond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00552-5","article-title":"Effect of photochromic contact lens wear on indoor visual performance and patient satisfaction","volume":"11","author":"Kamiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, S., Kamiya, K., Iizuka, T., and Handa, T. (2023). Wavelength characteristics and visual function of photochromic contact lenses in indoor and outdoor conditions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237417"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000944","article-title":"The influence of HEV-filtering contact lenses on behavioral indices of glare","volume":"48","author":"Buch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000935","article-title":"Reduction of glare discomfort and photostress recovery time through use of a high-energy visible-filtering contact lens","volume":"48","author":"Buch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70035","article-title":"The effects of a HEV-filtering contact lens on the brightness of natural images","volume":"45","author":"Hammond","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.035","article-title":"Influence of blue-light-filtering intraocular lenses on color perception and contrast acuity","volume":"116","author":"Wirtitsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.06.069","article-title":"Comparison of visual performance with blue light-filtering and ultraviolet light-filtering intraocular lenses","volume":"36","author":"Felke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001466","article-title":"Randomised crossover trial evaluating the impact of senofilcon A photochromic lens on driving performance","volume":"97","author":"Buch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000843","article-title":"Effect of blue light filters on tear and contrast sensitivity in individuals using electronic devices","volume":"47","author":"Madronero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.04.018","article-title":"The Effect of Blue-light Filtering Intraocular Lenses on the Development and Progression of Macular Atrophy in Eyes with Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"266","author":"Achiron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceylan, F.A., Tatar Kartalo\u011flu, O., and Y\u0131lmaz, \u0130.E. (2026). Three-year retinal and visual outcomes after ultraviolet- and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses. Clin. Exp. Optom.","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2026.2688367"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108781","article-title":"Visual performance measured under simulated atmospheric blue haze conditions is improved through the addition of a HEV-filtering additive to soft contact lenses","volume":"242","author":"Buch","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond, B.R., Buch, J.R., Martin, P., Xu, J., and Renzi-Hammond, L.M. (2026). Effects of HEV-Filtering in a Soft Contact Lens on Contrast Sensitivity With and Without Veiling Glare. Eye Contact Lens.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000001296"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12959","article-title":"Modelling the effect of commercially available blue-blocking lenses on visual and non-visual functions","volume":"103","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a497","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v78i1.497","article-title":"A comparison of blue-light transmissions through blue-control lenses","volume":"78","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. Vis. Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002171","article-title":"Spectral transmission of commercially available high-energy visible light-filtering spectacle lenses","volume":"101","author":"Rampersad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zpaa002","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaa002","article-title":"Interventions to reduce short-wavelength (blue) light exposure at night and their effects on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Shechter","year":"2020","journal-title":"SLEEP Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3109\/07420520903523719","article-title":"Amber lenses to block blue light and improve sleep: A randomised trial","volume":"26","author":"Burkhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.10.015","article-title":"Blocking nocturnal blue light for insomnia: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Shechter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna-Rangel, F.A., Gonzalez-Bedolla, B., Salazar-Ortega, M.J., Torres-Mancilla, X.M., and Martinez-Cadena, S. (2025). Efficacy of blue-light blocking glasses on actigraphic sleep outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled crossover trials. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1699303"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2021.1930029","article-title":"Evening wear of blue-blocking glasses for sleep and mood disorders: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Hester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.05.009","article-title":"Interventions for the Management of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.02.010","article-title":"Do Blue-blocking Lenses Reduce Eye Strain From Extended Screen Time? A Double-Masked Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"226","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"343","article-title":"A double-blind test of blue-blocking filters on symptoms of digital eye strain","volume":"65","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001318","article-title":"Blue-blocking Filters and Digital Eyestrain","volume":"96","author":"Palavets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e98003","article-title":"Long-Term Use of Blue Light-Filtering Glasses and Symptom Improvement in Digital Eye Strain: A Questionnaire-Based Study","volume":"17","author":"Akagun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001601","article-title":"The effect of blue-blocking lenses on photostress recovery times","volume":"97","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido, M., Toda, I., Oobayashi, T., Kawashima, M., Katada, Y., and Tsubota, K. (2016). Reducing short-wavelength blue light in dry eye patients with unstable tear film improves performance on tests of visual acuity. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152936"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20663","article-title":"Short-wavelength light-blocking eyeglasses attenuate symptoms of eye fatigue","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000069","article-title":"Effect of blue light-reducing eye glasses on critical flicker frequency","volume":"4","author":"Ide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.07.001","article-title":"The effects of two longpass filters on visual performance","volume":"13","author":"Cozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.2018914","article-title":"Blue-blocking filters do not alleviate signs and symptoms of digital eye strain: An electromyography study","volume":"106","author":"Vera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12414","article-title":"Blue-light filtering ophthalmic lenses: To prescribe, or not to prescribe?","volume":"37","author":"Downie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12738","article-title":"Effects of a blue-blocking screen filter on accommodative accuracy and visual discomfort","volume":"40","author":"Redondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.02.004","article-title":"Effect of evening blue light blocking glasses on subjective and objective sleep in healthy adults: A randomised control trial","volume":"7","author":"Bigalke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"022402","article-title":"Impact of blue light filtering glasses on computer vision syndrome in radiology residents: A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Dabrowiecki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1318893","article-title":"Effect of blue-blocking glasses in major depressive disorder with sleep onset insomnia: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"34","author":"Esaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12912","article-title":"A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive blue-blocking glasses for the treatment of sleep and circadian rhythm in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"22","author":"Esaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12390","article-title":"Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Henriksen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12984","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12984","article-title":"Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: Effects on actigraphy-derived sleep parameters","volume":"29","author":"Henriksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1692859","article-title":"Block the light and sleep well: Evening blue light filtration as a part of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia","volume":"37","author":"Janku","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1119158","article-title":"Protective effect of blue-light shield eyewear for adults against light pollution from self-luminous devices used at night","volume":"33","author":"Ayaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liset, R., Gronli, J., Henriksen, R.E., Henriksen, T.E.G., Nilsen, R.M., and Pallesen, S. (2022). A randomised controlled trial on the effects of blue-blocking glasses compared to partial blue-blockers on sleep outcomes in the third trimester of pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262799"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1544278","article-title":"Restricting short-wavelength light in the evening to improve sleep in recreational athletes: A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Knufinke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1194289","article-title":"Wearing blue light-blocking glasses in the evening advances circadian rhythms in the patients with delayed sleep phase disorder: An open-label trial","volume":"33","author":"Esaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000146","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000146","article-title":"Digital eye strain: Prevalence, measurement and amelioration","volume":"3","author":"Sheppard","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome: A review of ocular causes and potential treatments","volume":"31","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12798","article-title":"Management of digital eye strain","volume":"102","author":"Sulley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.04.004","article-title":"TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface","volume":"28","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107493","article-title":"Digital eye strain in young screen users: A systematic review","volume":"170","author":"Mataftsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418490112","article-title":"Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness","volume":"112","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00165.2011","article-title":"Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance","volume":"110","author":"Cajochen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01413.2009","article-title":"Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans","volume":"110","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.08.002","article-title":"Blue blocker glasses as a countermeasure for alerting effects of evening LED screen exposure in male teenagers","volume":"56","author":"Frey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"158","article-title":"The impact of light from computer monitors on melatonin levels in college students","volume":"32","author":"Figueiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.63500\/mv_v22_61","article-title":"Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology","volume":"22","author":"Tosini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110577","article-title":"Mechanisms of blue light-induced eye hazard and protective measures: A review","volume":"130","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01240.x","article-title":"Light-induced damage to the retina: Current understanding of mechanisms and unresolved questions","volume":"88","author":"Rozanowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.01.031","article-title":"Blue light-absorbing intraocular lens and retinal pigment epithelium protection in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Sparrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.034","article-title":"Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs)","volume":"84","author":"Jaadane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.H., Wu, M.R., Huang, W.J., Chow, D.S.L., Hsiao, G., and Cheng, Y.W. (2019). Low-luminance blue light-enhanced phototoxicity in A2E-laden RPE cell cultures and rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071799"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.01.003","article-title":"Blue light-induced inflammatory marker expression in the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid of mice and protective effect of a yellow intraocular lens material in vivo","volume":"132","author":"Narimatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28254-8","article-title":"Blue light excited retinal intercepts cellular signaling","volume":"8","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Ramos, C., Bonnin-Arias, C., Blazquez-Sanchez, V., Aguirre-Vilacoro, V., Cobo, T., and Garcia-Suarez, O. (2021). Retinal protection from LED-backlit screen lights by short wavelength absorption filters. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113248"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, K., Torii, H., Hara, Y., Hara, M., Yotsukura, E., Hanyuda, A., Negishi, K., Kurihara, T., and Tsubota, K. (2021). Effect of Violet Light-Transmitting Eyeglasses on Axial Elongation in Myopic Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225462"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323798","article-title":"Light exposure therapy for myopia control: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Zaabaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/5\/530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:10:38Z","timestamp":1788156638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/5\/530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci14050530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14050530","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]}}}