{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:15:50Z","timestamp":1788434150334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preterm birth is increasingly recognized as an early-life exposure with potential cardiovascular consequences across the lifespan. Although improved neonatal care has increased survival among individuals born very and extremely preterm, birth history remains rarely incorporated into cardiovascular risk assessment. Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence linking preterm birth with cardiovascular risk and proposes a practical birth-history-informed framework for preventive cardiology. Methods: A narrative review was conducted to evaluate evidence from population-based cohort studies, sibling-comparison analyses, cardiovascular imaging studies, physiologic exercise studies, Mendelian randomization analyses, mechanistic studies, and selected reviews. The review focused on cardiovascular outcomes, blood pressure trajectories, cardiac remodeling, pulmonary vascular disease, renal and metabolic pathways, autonomic regulation, exercise physiology, and clinical prevention. Results: Preterm birth is most consistently associated with higher blood pressure across life stages and with altered cardiac structure or reserve, particularly among individuals born very or extremely preterm or with complicated neonatal courses. Population-based evidence also links preterm birth with later heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes, although absolute risks in young adulthood remain low and associations vary by gestational age, fetal growth, and neonatal complications. Pulmonary vascular, right-heart, and autonomic findings appear most relevant to selected high-risk or symptomatic survivors rather than to all individuals born preterm. Current evidence supports targeted prevention rather than universal advanced testing. Conclusions: Preterm birth should be viewed as an early-life cardiovascular risk enhancer rather than a forgotten neonatal detail. Incorporating gestational age, birth weight, and neonatal complications into cardiovascular history-taking may improve early risk recognition, guide blood pressure and cardiometabolic surveillance, and support individualized prevention across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14050543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:10:33Z","timestamp":1788430233000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Neonatal History to Adult Cardiovascular Risk: Preterm Birth as a Lifelong Risk Enhancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamedanas Mohamedfaruk","family":"Patni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7670-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malek","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Internship Program, Kuwait Hospital, Emirates Health Services, Sharjah 32223, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0322-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Ja\u2019afer","family":"Al Tarawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Internship Program, Emirates Health Services, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Tanani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Internship Program, Al Qassimi Hospital, Emirates Health Services, Sharjah P.O. Box 3500, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2769-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Mohamad","family":"Hajjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Internship Program, Umm Al Quwain Hospital, Emirates Health Services, Umm Al Quwain P.O. Box 24, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8613-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mhd Munzer Zaher","family":"Hussin Alali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Internship Program, Kuwait Hospital, Emirates Health Services, Sharjah 32223, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6854-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alabid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7791-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasim Iyad","family":"Alghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakina Abdeali","family":"Sehrawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Internship Program, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Rangraze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1707-1142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramya Kundayi","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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