{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:13:00Z","timestamp":1788880380838,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGr. T. Popa\u201d","award":["482\/27 October 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["482\/27 October 2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) represents an ischemic event of the anterior circulation, driven by impaired blood flow through the ophthalmic branches of the internal carotid artery. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasingly recognized cardioembolic source in patients with RAO, yet its prevalence remains poorly characterized. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of AF in RAO patients and to summarize evidence on its incidence and association with this condition. Methods: Four databases were searched through April 2025, updated on 18 August 2026. Studies reporting AF prevalence, incidence, or association in adults with RAO were included. Pooled prevalence was estimated using the Freeman\u2013Tukey double arcsine transformation with a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. Results: Sixty-two studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, of which 58 reported AF prevalence data. Among the 36 studies comprising 139,222 patients, the pooled AF prevalence was 11.53% (95% CI: 9.41\u201313.82; I2 = 99.2%; prediction interval: 2.00\u201326.9%). AF prevalence was significantly higher in patients aged \u226570 years (15.86%) and in central RAO cohorts (16.54%). Incident AF following RAO ranged from 10.5% to 41%, increasing progressively with monitoring intensity. The pooled odds ratio for the AF\u2013RAO association was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.06\u20132.29). Conclusions: AF affects approximately one in nine patients with RAO, though with substantial uncertainty across populations (prediction interval 2.00\u201326.9%); the extent to which this exceeds the general-population estimates independent of age, cardiovascular risk profile, and geographic factors remains uncertain. These findings support cardiac rhythm surveillance following RAO diagnosis in selected patients, although its effect on clinical outcomes remains to be established prospectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14050553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:55:46Z","timestamp":1788879346000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atrial Fibrillation in Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0679-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelia Mihaela","family":"Nica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, 2nd Surgery Department, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Madalina Andreea","family":"Beldie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Samer Andrei","family":"Nica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minela Aida","family":"Maranduca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5275-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmin Victor","family":"Ganea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, 2nd Surgery Department, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5066-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Cristina","family":"Morariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria Mihaela","family":"Godun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Roxana Elena","family":"Ciuntu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, 2nd Surgery Department, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camelia Margareta","family":"Bogdanici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, 2nd Surgery Department, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Floria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Saint Spiridon Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.12.024","article-title":"Retinal and Ophthalmic Artery Occlusions Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae","volume":"132","author":"Kovach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31559-2","article-title":"Retinal Vascular Occlusions","volume":"396","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v19i4.16559","article-title":"Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Review of Current Management Practices","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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