{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:10:15Z","timestamp":1792789815040,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac","award":["JP 33\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 33\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04f7vj627","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["JP 33\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 33\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04f7vj627","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technical Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200111"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200111"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Sci.","Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases susceptibility to myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury through metabolic disturbance, hypertension, and oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the effects of liraglutide and semaglutide on post-ischemic cardiac function, oxidative stress, and histomorphological changes in rats with MetS. Methods: MetS was induced in male Wistar rats by a high-fat diet followed by low-dose streptozotocin. After confirmation of MetS, animals were treated with saline, liraglutide, or semaglutide for 6 weeks. Blood pressure, glycemia, oral glucose tolerance, and lipid profile were assessed during the protocol. In vivo cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography, whereas ex vivo I\/R injury was induced using the Langendorff technique. Cardiodynamic parameters, coronary flow, oxidative stress markers, and histological changes in the heart, liver, and pancreas were analyzed. Results: Both liraglutide and semaglutide improved the cardiometabolic profile of MetS rats, with semaglutide showing a more evident effect on body weight control. In the Langendorff model, both treatments improved post-ischemic recovery of myocardial contractility and relaxation during reperfusion. Treated animals also showed a more favorable oxidative stress profile, particularly lower superoxide anion levels and enhanced antioxidant defense. Histologically, both agents attenuated myocardial hypertrophy and collagen deposition, improved hepatic architecture by reducing inflammatory changes, and preserved pancreatic structure with less lipid accumulation and tissue injury. Conclusions: Liraglutide and semaglutide exerted significant cardioprotective and tissue-protective effects in experimental MetS complicated by myocardial I\/R injury. These findings support their potential in limiting post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction and multiorgan damage in metabolically compromised conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14050590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Liraglutide and Semaglutide on Cardiometabolic Dysregulation and Oxidative Stress in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko P.","family":"Ravi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3835-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan M.","family":"Srejovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Marijana M.","family":"Andji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7578-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja D.","family":"Muri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5849-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina Z.","family":"Sretenovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevena S.","family":"Jeremi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"A.P. Neyubin Institute of Pharmacy, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9141-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidora M.","family":"Milosavljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Miona Lj.","family":"Vuleti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemanja N.","family":"Muri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina R.","family":"Ravi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey B.","family":"Bolevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Svetlana P.","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Gorbunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Stefani S.","family":"Bolevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir Lj.","family":"Jakovljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, Moscow 119435, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8084-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana N.","family":"Novakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masenga, S.K., Kabwe, L.S., Chakulya, M., and Kirabo, A. (2023). Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097898"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monserrat-Mesquida, M., Quetglas-Llabr\u00e9s, M., Cap\u00f3, X., Bouzas, C., Mateos, D., Pons, A., Tur, J.A., and Sureda, A. (2020). Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory State. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030236"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"659","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: A Unifying Paradigm in Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Touyz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolosowicz, M., Prokopiuk, S., and Kaminski, T.W. (2022). Recent Advances in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance Targeting Molecular and Metabolic Pathways: Fighting a Losing Battle?. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040472"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13202","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Known and Unknown","volume":"72","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Terjung, R. (2015). Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction. Comprehensive Physiology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.12.049","article-title":"Myocardial \u2018No-Reflow\u2019\u2014Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment","volume":"167","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.032","article-title":"Evolving Therapies for Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"65","author":"Heusch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7640","DOI":"10.1113\/JP290440","article-title":"Integrative simulation analysis of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"604","author":"Shimayoshi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"671","article-title":"Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in Hypertension: Metabolic Syndrome Revisited","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Qi, M., Yang, L., Yang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, F., Cui, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Y., and Lv, W. (2025). GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Synergistic Effects of Metabolic Reprogramming and Cardioprotection. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1614726"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101351","article-title":"GLP-1 Physiology Informs the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity","volume":"57","author":"Drucker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augusto, M., Bauer, R., Clancy, S., Poulsen, A.S., Tefos, F., and Long, M. (2026). EQ-5D Health Utility Gains with Once-Weekly Semaglutide 2.4 Mg in People with MASH and F2\/F3 Fibrosis: An Analysis of ESSENCE. JHEP Rep., 101993, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101993"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.-M. (2025). GLP-1 Agonists in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Therapies. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196758"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeremic, J.N., Jakovljevic, V.L., Zivkovic, V.I., Srejovic, I.M., Bradic, J.V., Milosavljevic, I.M., Mitrovic, S.L., Jovicic, N.U., Bolevich, S.B., and Svistunov, A.A. (2020). Garlic Derived Diallyl Trisulfide in Experimental Metabolic Syndrome: Metabolic Effects and Cardioprotective Role. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239100"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12106","article-title":"Effects of Liraglutide on Metabolic Syndrome in WBN\/Kob Diabetic Fatty Rats Supplemented with a High-fat Diet","volume":"3","author":"Kaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Models Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117531","article-title":"Semaglutide Attenuates Excessive Exercise-Induced Myocardial Injury through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats","volume":"250","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakovljevic, V., Milic, P., Bradic, J., Jeremic, J., Zivkovic, V., Srejovic, I., Nikolic Turnic, T., Milosavljevic, I., Jeremic, N., and Bolevich, S. (2018). Standardized Aronia Melanocarpa Extract as Novel Supplement against Metabolic Syndrome: A Rat Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010006"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Liu, C., Yang, C., Qiao, W., Liu, Y., Liu, S., and Dong, G. (2023). A Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome-Related Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Phenotype: Pathological Alterations and Possible Molecular Mechanisms. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1208370"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.1774-1783","article-title":"Development of Rat Metabolic Syndrome Models: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Gunawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa110","article-title":"Towards Standardization of Echocardiography for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Function in Adult Rodents: A Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function","volume":"117","author":"Zacchigna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235405","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4235405","article-title":"Protective Effects of Galium verum L. Extract against Cardiac Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats","volume":"2019","author":"Bradic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114316","article-title":"Red-Koji Fermented Red Ginseng Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13259","article-title":"Liraglutide, a Human Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogue, Stimulates AKT-dependent Survival Signalling and Inhibits Pancreatic \u0392-cell Apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Kapodistria","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarz, K., Kowalczyk, K., Cwynar, M., Czapla, D., Czarkowski, W., Kmita, D., Nowak, A., and Madej, P. (2022). The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084334"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16126","article-title":"Weight Loss with Subcutaneous Semaglutide versus Other Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Stretton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133429","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133429","article-title":"Semaglutide Lowers Body Weight in Rodents via Distributed Neural Pathways","volume":"5","author":"Gabery","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076410","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Glycaemic Control, Body Weight, and Lipid Profile for Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"384","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccirillo, F., Mastroberardino, S., Nusca, A., Frau, L., Guarino, L., Napoli, N., Ussia, G.P., and Grigioni, F. (2023). Novel Antidiabetic Agents and Their Effects on Lipid Profile: A Single Shot for Several Cardiovascular Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210164"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.11.007","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Individuals With Obesity and Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0954-6","article-title":"Liraglutide Improves Lipid Metabolism by Enhancing Cholesterol Efflux Associated with ABCA1 and ERK1\/2 Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15529","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Modestly Reduced Blood Pressure among Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression","volume":"26","author":"Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-024-00279-4","article-title":"The Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1-RAs) in the Management of the Hypertensive Patient with Metabolic Syndrome: A Position Paper from the Korean Society of Hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111005","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Treatment Reverses Vascular Remodelling by Downregulating Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Expression through Inhibition of the ERK1\/2\/NF-\u03baB Signalling Pathway","volume":"518","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2023.102355","article-title":"The Blood Pressure Lowering Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Mini-Review of the Potential Mechanisms","volume":"69","author":"Tavares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf205","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Blood Pressure: A State-of-the-Art Review of Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Implications","volume":"39","author":"Moiz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07088-5","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Liraglutide Attenuates Pressure-Overload Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Apoptosis through Activating ATP Sensitive Potassium Channels","volume":"35","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13590","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment of High Carbohydrate Intake-induced Metabolic Syndrome Provides Pleiotropic Effects on Cardiac Dysfunction through Alleviations in Electrical and Intracellular Ca2+ Abnormalities and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Durak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.01.049","article-title":"Semaglutide Inhibits Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis through Activating PKG\/PKC\u03b5\/ERK1\/2 Pathway","volume":"647","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31788","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31788","article-title":"Liraglutide Prevents and Reverses Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Suppressing ET-1 and Enhancing eNOS\/sGC\/PKG Pathways","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.08.007","article-title":"Exenatide Prevents Morphological and Structural Changes of Mitochondria Following Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026728","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026728","article-title":"Long-Term Activation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor by Dulaglutide Prevents Diabetic Heart Failure and Metabolic Remodeling in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00720C","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Nanozymes: An Emerging Star for Anti-Oxidation","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108906","article-title":"Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Semaglutide: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"38","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botros, S.R., Matouk, A.I., Amin, A., and Heeba, G.H. (2024). Comparative Effects of Incretin-Based Therapy on Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: The Role of SIRT1\/Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB\/TNF-\u03b1 Signaling Pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1353029"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-023-01493-3","article-title":"Comparison of Effects of Injectable Semaglutide and Dulaglutide on Oxidative Stress and Glucose Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Preliminary Study","volume":"15","author":"Omachi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1028402","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 2, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Catalase in the Cytosol and Membrane of Erythrocytes under H2 O2 -Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"49","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2022-0534","article-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Liraglutide Pretreatment on Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Injury in Rats","volume":"101","author":"Bajic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2019.09.003","article-title":"Mechanisms by Which Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nevola, R., Epifani, R., Imbriani, S., Tortorella, G., Aprea, C., Galiero, R., Rinaldi, L., Marfella, R., and Sasso, F.C. (2023). GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021703"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.033","article-title":"Incretins (GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual\/Triple Agonists) and the Liver","volume":"79","author":"Newsome","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20715","article-title":"Hepatic Microcirculation in Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"291","author":"Farrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13235","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effects of Semaglutide, Lanifibranor and Dietary Intervention in the GAN Diet-induced Obese and Biopsy-confirmed Mouse Model of NASH","volume":"15","author":"Veidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705397","article-title":"GLP-1 Derivative Liraglutide in Rats with \u03b2-cell Deficiencies: Influence of Metabolic State on \u03b2-cell Mass Dynamics","volume":"140","author":"Sturis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2021.10.017","article-title":"Pancreatic Islet Cells Disarray, Apoptosis, and Proliferation in Obese Mice. The Role of Semaglutide Treatment","volume":"193","author":"Marinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2957-2","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment Reduces Beta Cell Mass in Normoglycaemic Mice","volume":"56","author":"Ellenbroek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/5\/590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:34:44Z","timestamp":1790138084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/5\/590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci14050590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14050590","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]}}}