{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:30:41Z","timestamp":1770298241485,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CICSA, FCS Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico, Campus Norte","award":["Project number 201638 - CSNBIAVALR170605171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project number 201638 - CSNBIAVALR170605171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent investigations have shown that different conditions such as diet, the overuse of antibiotics or the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms can alter the population status of the intestinal microbiota. This modification can produce a change from homeostasis to a condition known as imbalance or dysbiosis; however, the role-played by dysbiosis and the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been poorly understood. It was actually not until a few years ago that studies started to develop regarding the role that dendritic cells (DC) of intestinal mucosa play in the sensing of the gut microbiota population. The latest studies have focused on describing the DC modulation, specifically on tolerance response involving T regulatory cells or on the inflammatory response involving reactive oxygen species and tissue damage. Furthermore, the latest studies have also focused on the protective and restorative effect of the population of the gut microbiota given by probiotic therapy, targeting IBD and other intestinal pathologies. In the present work, the authors propose and summarize a recently studied complex axis of interaction between the population of the gut microbiota, the sensing of the DC and its modulation towards tolerance and inflammation, the development of IBD and the protective and restorative effect of probiotics on other intestinal pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci7020033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T11:26:14Z","timestamp":1550834774000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Use of Probiotic Therapy to Modulate the Gut Microbiota and Dendritic Cell Responses in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Alag\u00f3n Fern\u00e1ndez del Campo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"De Orta Pando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"Straface","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ricardo","family":"L\u00f3pez Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Toledo Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian Felipe","family":"Niezen Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Alvarez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Barrientos Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Kobeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INC, Divisi\u00f3n Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Georgina","family":"Solano-G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalino","family":"V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Cuidad de M\u00e9xico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000173","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cause-specific Mortality: A Primer for Clinicians","volume":"20","author":"Zain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.07.012","article-title":"The Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Kappelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20029","article-title":"Update on the Incidence and Prevalence of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940\u20132000","volume":"13","author":"Loftus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.063","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences","volume":"126","author":"Loftus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60750-8","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Cause and immunobiology","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2017.07.001","article-title":"A comprehensive review and update on Crohns disease","volume":"64","author":"Gajendran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032009000100009","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence rates of inflammatory bowel diseases, in midwestern of S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Victoria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"209","article-title":"Caracteristicas epidemiol\u00f3gicas y cl\u00ednicas de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en un hospital de referencia de Lima-Per\u00fa","volume":"36","author":"Otoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Per\u00fa"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000235827.21778.d5","article-title":"Recent Understanding of IBD Pathogenesis: Implications for Future Therapies","volume":"12","author":"Kucharzik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0724-z","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Primary Immunodeficiencies","volume":"17","author":"Kelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solano-G\u00e1lvez, S.G., Tovar-Torres, S.M., Tron-G\u00f3mez, M.S., Weiser-Smeke, A.E., \u00c1lvarez-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.A., Franyuti-Kelly, G.A., Tapia-Moreno, M., Ibarra, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Kobeh, L., and V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez, R. (2018). Human Dendritic Cells: Ontogeny and Their Subsets in Health and Disease. Med. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6040088"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","article-title":"Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"16","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1894","article-title":"Programming dendritic cells to induce TH2 and tolerogenic responses","volume":"11","author":"Pulendran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00144.x","article-title":"Modulating vaccine responses with dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors","volume":"199","author":"Pulendran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002701","article-title":"Functional specializations of intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets that control Th17 and regulatory T cell responses are dependent on the T cell\/APC ratio, source of mouse strain, and regional localization","volume":"187","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06175","article-title":"Taking dendritic cells into medicine","volume":"449","author":"Steinman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.10.009","article-title":"Division of labor, plasticity, and crosstalk between dendritic cell subsets","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.2.233","article-title":"Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells","volume":"193","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.9.1213","article-title":"Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4+ T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells","volume":"192","author":"Jonuleit","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4862","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3229","article-title":"Induction of CD4+\/CD25+ regulatory T cells by targeting of antigens to immature dendritic cells","volume":"101","author":"Mahnke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.769","article-title":"Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo","volume":"194","author":"Hawiger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141040","article-title":"Tolerogenic dendritic cells","volume":"21","author":"Steinman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231606698","article-title":"Avoiding horror autotoxicus: The importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance","volume":"99","author":"Steinman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.3.587","article-title":"CD8\u03b1+ and CD8\u03b1\u2212 subclasses of dendritic cells direct the development of distinct T helper cells in vivo","volume":"189","author":"Michel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.08.015","article-title":"Disruption of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion induces a functionally distinct pathway of dendritic cell maturation","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.025","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2: A master of all T cell trades","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141718","article-title":"TSLP: An epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2008.07.007","article-title":"Retinoic acid-dependent regulation of immune responses by dendritic cells and macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Manicassamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-245274","article-title":"Skin-draining lymph nodes contain dermis-derived CD103\u2212 dendritic cells that constitutively produce retinoic acid and induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"115","author":"Guilliams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939957","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation abrogates the tolerogenic properties of MLN CD103+ dendritic cells","volume":"40","author":"Laffont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27203","article-title":"Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance","volume":"116","author":"Dillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1925","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in dendritic cells promotes T regulatory responses and inhibits autoimmunity","volume":"15","author":"Manicassamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8323","article-title":"Induction of innate immune response through TLR2 and dectin 1 prevents type 1 diabetes","volume":"181","author":"Perez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001365","article-title":"Roles for TGF-\u03b2 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in regulatory T cell expansion and diabetes suppression by zymosan in non-obese diabetic mice","volume":"185","author":"Burton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.004","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 6 drives differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells and contributes to LcrV-mediated plague pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Depaolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-10-4077","article-title":"Toward the identification of a tolerogenic signature in IDO-competent dendritic cells","volume":"107","author":"Orabona","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.7.4433","article-title":"Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells activated by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce the generation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"173","author":"Moseman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.03.036","article-title":"Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin","volume":"115","author":"Smits","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041061","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori modulates the T helper cell 1\/T helper cell 2 balance through phase-variable interaction between lipopolysaccharide and DC-SIGN","volume":"200","author":"Bergman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810305105","article-title":"S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions","volume":"105","author":"Konstantinov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2201","article-title":"Oral tolerance to food-induced systemic anaphylaxis mediated by the C-type lectin SIGNR1","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-016451","article-title":"Galectin-1, a key effector of regulation mediated by CD4+CD25+ T cells","volume":"109","author":"Garin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-01-069229","article-title":"Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells: Proteome analysis identifies galectin-10 as a novel marker essential for their anergy and suppressive function","volume":"110","author":"Kubach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200519229","article-title":"Human intestinal macrophages display profound inflammatory anergy despite avid phagocytic and bacteriocidal activity","volume":"115","author":"Smythies","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1130","article-title":"Splenic stroma drives mature dendritic cells to differentiate into regulatory dendritic cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.10.012","article-title":"Stromal cells direct local differentiation of regulatory dendritic cells","volume":"21","author":"Svensson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39134","article-title":"Dendritic cells in intestinal homeostasis and disease","volume":"119","author":"Rescigno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101330","article-title":"Intestinal bacteria and the regulation of immune cell homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00880.x","article-title":"Microbe-dendritic cell dialog controls regulatory T-cell fate","volume":"234","author":"Grainger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02687.x","article-title":"Epithelial cells prime the immune response to an array of gut- derived commensals towards a tolerogenic phenotype through distinct actions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"123","author":"Zeuthen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107","article-title":"Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"107","author":"Round","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101074","article-title":"Helminth secretions induce de novo T cell Foxp3 expression and regulatory function through the TGF-\u03b2 pathway","volume":"207","author":"Grainger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","article-title":"Microbiology Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79","article-title":"Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005","article-title":"The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Gevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salas-Jara, J., Ilabaca, A., Vega, M., and Garc\u00eda, A. (2016). Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics. Microorganisms, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms4030035"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.966320","article-title":"Contentious host\u2014microbiota relationship in inflammatory bowel disease\u2014can foes become friends again?","volume":"50","author":"Satokari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/35079114","article-title":"A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"411","author":"Ogura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.30294","article-title":"Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"122","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1722","article-title":"A Crohn\u2019s disease\u2013associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1","volume":"10","author":"Noguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21319","article-title":"Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02600-05","article-title":"Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of fecal 16S rRNA reveals active Escherichia coli in the microbiota of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"44","author":"Sokol","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.007","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Kostic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.7.990","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking","volume":"29","author":"Tysk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20380","article-title":"Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a German twin cohort: Results of a nationwide study","volume":"14","author":"Spehlmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.176","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: From microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics","volume":"11","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6berg, F., Barkman, C., Nookaew, I., \u00d6stman, S., Adlerberth, I., Saalman, R., and Wold, A. (2017). Low-complexity microbiota in the duodenum of children with newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186178"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20392","article-title":"Analysis of bacterial bowel communities of IBD patients: What has it revealed?","volume":"14","author":"Sokol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.011","article-title":"Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"141","author":"Lepage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304833","article-title":"A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitziidefines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Machiels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31827fec6d","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Dysbiosis in Ulcerative Colitis During Remission","volume":"19","author":"Shanahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520801943354","article-title":"Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii on the intestinal permeability of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in remission","volume":"43","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11505","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i33.11505","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Orel","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031244","article-title":"Selective generation of gut tropic T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT): Requirement for GALT dendritic cells and adjuvant","volume":"198","author":"Svensson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01726","article-title":"Selective imprinting of gut-homing T cells by Peyer\u2019s patch dendritic cells","volume":"424","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200205)32:5<1445::AID-IMMU1445>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Intestinal dendritic cells increase T cell expression of \u03b14\u03b27 integrin","volume":"32","author":"Stagg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2002.01365.x","article-title":"Differential expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Ahiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"97","article-title":"Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"151","author":"Briskin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200409000-00002","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of intestinal homing memory T cells in ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.17","article-title":"Mucosal immunity to pathogenic intestinal bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Behnsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000223","article-title":"Human gut dendritic cells drive aberrant gut-specific t-cell responses in ulcerative colitis, characterized by increased IL-4 production and loss of IL-22 and IFN\u03b3","volume":"20","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415675112","article-title":"Th17 cells give rise to Th1 cells that are required for the pathogenesis of colitis","volume":"112","author":"Harbour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130318","article-title":"The Th17 Pathway and Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines, Lungs and Skin","volume":"8","author":"Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000775","article-title":"Microbiota-specific Th17 cells: Yin and Yang in regulation of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.201","article-title":"IBD Pathogenesis in 2014, Molecular pathways controlling barrier function in IBD","volume":"12","author":"Atreya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3417","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003417","article-title":"Circulating Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Infliximab Treatment Failure Due to TNF-\u03b1 Independent Crohn Disease","volume":"95","author":"Steenholdt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.390","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Shih","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"195","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Autoimmune or Immune-mediated Pathogenesis?","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.6.2796","article-title":"Sensitization to epithelial antigens in chronic mucosal inflammatory disease. I. Purification, characterization, and immune reactivity of murine epithelial cell-associated components (ECAC)","volume":"131","author":"Aronson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.1304","article-title":"Antibody markers in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Mitsuyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4367","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics\u2014perspectives and challenges","volume":"91","author":"Quijano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Metchnikoff, E. (1998). Optimistic Studies of the Prolongation of Life, Putman\u2019s Sons."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (2002). Joint FAO\/WHO Working Group Report on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, FAO\/WHO."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moo.0000124936.46948.6a","article-title":"The role of biofilms in otolaryngologic infections","volume":"12","author":"Post","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05429.x","article-title":"Screening of biofilm formation by beneficial vaginal lactobacilli and influence of culture media components","volume":"113","author":"Terraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"689","article-title":"Biofilms of vaginal Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1332, Kinetics of formation and matrix characterization","volume":"198","author":"Leccese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"204","article-title":"Probiotic and other functional microbes: From markets to mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Sarxelin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.365s","article-title":"Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition","volume":"73","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2012.04.010","article-title":"Management of liver hydatid cysts\u2014Current perspectives","volume":"68","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2009.11.008","article-title":"Encapsulation for preservation of functionality and targeted delivery of bioactive food components","volume":"20","author":"Fass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.11.004","article-title":"Development of tablet containing probiotics: Effects of formulation and processing parameters on bacterial viability","volume":"370","author":"Klayraung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2010.12.031","article-title":"Encapsulation of probiotic living cells: From laboratory scale to industrial applications","volume":"104","author":"Burgain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"956","article-title":"Importance of biofilm age and growth medium on the viability of probiotics capsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG biofilm","volume":"59","author":"Kiew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.7.975","article-title":"Double blind, placebo controlled trial of two probiotic strains in interleukin 10 knockout mice and mechanistic link with cytokine balance","volume":"52","author":"McCarthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00144-5","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic bacteria DNA: IL-1 and IL-10 response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"38","author":"Lammers","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.05.029","article-title":"Probiotics in IBD: Combining in vitro and in vivo models for selecting strains with both anti-inflammatory potential as well as a capacity to restore the gut epithelial barrier","volume":"47","author":"Zaylaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"156","article-title":"The Mexican consensus on probiotics in gastroenterology","volume":"82","author":"Valdovinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.001","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"149","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000351","article-title":"Role of Probiotics in Crohn\u2019s Disease and in Pouchitis","volume":"49","author":"Guslandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005588911207","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Guslandi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digest. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"129","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of Crohn\u2019s disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea\u2014a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Plein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.021","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii Does Not Prevent Relapse of Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Bourreille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04417.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption\u2014A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Steed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04535.x","article-title":"High dose probiotic and prebiotic cotherapy for remission induction of active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Fujimori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.10.031","article-title":"The Probiotic VSL#3 Has Anti-inflammatory Effects and Could Reduce Endoscopic Recurrence After Surgery for Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Fedorak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i1.5","article-title":"Relationship between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: Mechanisms and clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"473","article-title":"Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Ghouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037747","article-title":"Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine","volume":"53","author":"Kruis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701396091","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of probiotics therapy (BIO-THREE) in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional therapy","volume":"42","author":"Tsuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00049-16","article-title":"Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies","volume":"30","author":"Hudson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01011-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01011-14","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db\/db mice","volume":"5","author":"Everard","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"2765","article-title":"Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier","volume":"14","author":"Boivin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20961","article-title":"Prevention of TNBS-induced colitis by different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains is associ- ated with an expansion of gamma delta T and regulatory T cells of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"15","author":"Roselli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2018.100139","article-title":"Probiotics for improving quality of life in ulcerative colitis: Exploring the patient perspective","volume":"7","author":"Flach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmanutrition"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0611286","article-title":"Epigenetic imprinting by commensal probiotics inhibits the IL-23\/IL-17 axis in an in vitro model of the intestinal mucosal immune system","volume":"92","author":"Ghadimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyauchi, E., Ogita, T., Miyamoto, J., Kawamoto, S., Morita, H., Ohno, H., Suzuki, T., and Tanabe, S. (2013). Bifidobacterium longum alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by suppressing IL-17A response: Involvement of intestinal epithelial costimulatory molecules. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079735"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"181","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis suppresses proinflammatory interleukin-17 production in murine splenocytes and dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Tanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"817","article-title":"Suppression of Th17 response by Streptococcus thermophilus ST28 through induction of IFN-\u03b3","volume":"28","author":"Ogita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/7\/2\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:16Z","timestamp":1760186056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/7\/2\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci7020033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci7020033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]}}}