{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:42:44Z","timestamp":1790404964992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to air pollution and, in particular, to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or particulate pollutants less than 2.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5) or 10 \u03bcm (PM10) in diameter has been linked to thyroid (dys)function in pregnant women. We hypothesized that there may be a dose\u2014effect relationship between air pollutants and thyroid function parameters. We retrospectively evaluated thyrotropin (TSH) in 293 women, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 levels in Athens. All the women were diagnosed with hypothyroidism for the first time during their pregnancy. Exposure to air pollution for each woman was considered according to her place of residence. Statistical analysis of age, pregnancy weight change, and air pollutants versus TSH was performed with ordinary least squares regression (OLS-R) and quantile regression (Q-R). A positive correlation for logTSH and PM2.5(r = +0.13, p = 0.02) was found, using OLS-R. Further analysis with Q-R showed that each incremental unit increase (for the 10th to the 90th response quantile) in PM2.5 increased logTSH(\u00b1SE) between +0.029 (0.001) to +0.025 (0.001) mIU\/L (p &lt; 0.01). The other parameters and pollutants (PM10 and NO2) had no significant effect on TSH. Our results indeed show a dose\u2014response relationship between PM2.5 and TSH. The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of atmospheric pollutants, in particular PM2.5, are being investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci8020019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T05:05:13Z","timestamp":1586149513000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Atmospheric Pollution and Thyroid Function of Pregnant Women in Athens, Greece: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5718-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Ilias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kakoulidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Togias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Stergiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Michou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Lekkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Mastrodimou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Venaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eftychia","family":"Koukkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1912902","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12902","article-title":"Association of Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution With Thyroid Function During Pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Ghassabian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jama Netw Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, L., and Xu, X. 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