{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T20:25:26Z","timestamp":1770236726469,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XNEM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNEM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a robust material and proven as a promising candidate for a wide range of electronic, optoelectronic and environmental applications. In this work, two different methods were utilized for the preparation of CNTs exhibiting different aspect ratios via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The as-prepared CNTs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2adsorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy in order to investigate their morphological and structural properties. Free-standing CNTs \u201cbuckypaper\u201d membranes were fabricated, characterized and tailored to meet the requirements of two applications, i.e., (1) the removal of humic acid (HA) from water and (2) separation of oil-in-water emulsions. It was revealed that the hydrophobic buckypapers showed high separation performance for Shell oil-in-water emulsions filtration, with up to 98% through the accumulation of oil droplets onto the membrane surface. The absorption capacity of buckypaper membranes for various organic liquids (oil, chloroform and toluene) was evaluated over 10 absorption cycles to investigate their recyclability and robustness. Moreover, surface modification was introduced to the pristine CNTs to increase their surface hydrophilicity and improve the pure water permeability of buckypapers. These modified buckypapers showed high flux for HA solutions and excellent HA rejection efficiency up to 95%via size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10050097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1589280835000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Tailored CNTs Buckypaper Membranes for the Removal of Humic Acid and Separation of Oil-In-Water Emulsions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Elnabawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and Center for Environmental and Smart Technology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim M. A.","family":"Elsherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhlf\u00fcr Technische Chemie II, and Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M. A.","family":"Abdelsamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhlf\u00fcr Technische Chemie II, and Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Water Pollution Dept, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7241-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badawi","family":"Anis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectroscopy Dept, Physics Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahab","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and Center for Environmental and Smart Technology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2094-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Ulbricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhlf\u00fcr Technische Chemie II, and Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S. G.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and Center for Environmental and Smart Technology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"},{"name":"Materials Science &amp; Engineering Department, School of Innovative Design Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), 179 New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.07.043","article-title":"Carbon nanotube membranes for water purification: Developments, challenges, and prospects for the future","volume":"209","author":"Ihsanullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-04217-w","article-title":"CNT\u2013PVDF freestanding sheets for direct solar evaporation toward continuous desalination applications","volume":"55","author":"Alsharief","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tofighy, M.A., Khanlari, S., and Mohammadi, T. (2020). Development of advanced nanocomposite membranes by carbon-based nanomaterials (CNTs and GO). Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Gas Separation, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816710-6.00006-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.11.041","article-title":"New generation nanomaterials for water desalination: A review","volume":"451","author":"Teow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.08.014","article-title":"Laser-induced graphene and carbon nanotubes as conductive carbon-based materials in environmental technology","volume":"34","author":"Thamaraiselvan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145707","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab6239","article-title":"A study on the mechanical properties of a carbon nanotube probe with a high aspect ratio","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2016.12.065","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, Raman, and terahertz spectroscopy study on carbon nanotubes, graphene nano-sheets, and onion like carbon materials","volume":"189","author":"Abouelsayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(00)00155-X","article-title":"Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes","volume":"39","author":"Peigney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, A., and Vostrowsky, O. (2005). Functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Functional Molecular Nanostructures, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b98169"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.10.10","article-title":"Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing","volume":"10","author":"Elnabawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2017.09.053","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and spectroscopy study on CdSe quantum dots linked to multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"203","author":"Abouelsayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123348","article-title":"Fabrication of thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes incorporated with aromatic amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Rejection performance of inorganic pollutants from groundwater with improved acid and chlorine resistance","volume":"384","author":"Gholami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Dong, X., Chen, M., Zhu, L., Wang, C., Yang, F., and Dong, Y. (2017). Fabrication and water treatment application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based composite membranes: A review. Membranes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes7010016"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.132","article-title":"Designer carbon nanotubes for contaminant removal in water and wastewater: A critical review","volume":"612","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.01.026","article-title":"Synthesis, properties, water and solute permeability of MWNT buckypapers","volume":"456","author":"Rashid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-014-0749-7","article-title":"Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1515\/nbec-2015-0002","article-title":"Natural organic matter in ecosystems\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Kosobucki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nova Biotechnol. Chim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-016-0455-7","article-title":"Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(03)01003-3","article-title":"Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.10.063","article-title":"Chlorination byproducts, their toxicodynamics and removal from drinking water","volume":"140","author":"Gopal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.09.098","article-title":"Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and its constituents from water by adsorption\u2014A review","volume":"166","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24855","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2016.1149891","article-title":"Preparation of engineered carbon nanotube materials and its application in water treatment for removal of hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM)","volume":"57","author":"Skandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2018.05.011","article-title":"A novel photodegradation approach for the efficient removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water","volume":"106","author":"Ndlangamandla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earthparts A B C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-015-0207-x","article-title":"Ultrafiltration of natural organic matter from water by vertically aligned carbon nanotube membrane","volume":"13","author":"Jafari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.04.026","article-title":"Enhanced permeability, contaminants removal and antifouling ability of CNTs-based hollow fiber membranes under electrochemical assistance","volume":"582","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51175","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA08570B","article-title":"Functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane: Progress and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Sianipar","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.348","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in functional carbon nanotubes for membrane-based water treatment and desalination","volume":"646","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117710","article-title":"Surface modification of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes containing mixed matrix membrane using click chemistry","volume":"596","author":"Nikita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116188","article-title":"Functionalized carbon nanotube immobilized membrane for low temperature ammonia removal via membrane distillation","volume":"235","author":"Intrchom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.09.014","article-title":"Improving the performance of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane by incorporation of modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"450","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.03.005","article-title":"Removal of natural organic matter in water using functionalised carbon nanotube buckypaper","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16204","DOI":"10.1021\/am504326m","article-title":"Janus polymer\/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes for oil\/water separation","volume":"6","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15268","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA01603C","article-title":"Robust preparation of superhydrophobic polymer\/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes for highly effective removal of oils and separation of water-in-oil emulsions","volume":"2","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.09.060","article-title":"Robust construction of underwater superoleophobic CNTs\/nanoparticles multifunctional hybrid membranes via interception effect for oily wastewater purification","volume":"569","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25788-9","article-title":"A novel architecture for carbon nanotube membranes towards fast and efficient oil\/water separation","volume":"8","author":"Saththasivam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00641","article-title":"Development of Highly Efficient Oil\u2013Water Separation Carbon Nanotube Membranes with Stimuli-Switchable Fluxes","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.-D., Vinodgopal, K., and Dai, G.-P. (2019). Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition. Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.86995"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"22","article-title":"Surface modification of multiwall carbon nanotubes by sulfuric acid and nitric acid","volume":"64","author":"Turgunov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24812","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra43852j","article-title":"Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in water and non-aqueous solvents","volume":"3","author":"Kharissova","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.04.041","article-title":"Image segmentation and analysis for porosity measurement","volume":"192","author":"Malcolm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"262","article-title":"Static and dynamic removal of aquatic natural organic matter by carbon nanotubes","volume":"59","author":"Ajmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waterresearch"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0372183","article-title":"Characterization of carbon nanotubes by TEM and infrared spectroscopy","volume":"108","author":"Branca","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"17","article-title":"Carbon nanotube synthesis via the catalytic CVD method: A review on the effect of reaction parameters. Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon","volume":"14","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nonstructures"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.01.070","article-title":"Effect of hydrocarbons precursors on the formation of carbon nanotubes in chemical vapor deposition","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.03.119","article-title":"Multiple functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl and amino groups","volume":"276","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1021\/cm052755g","article-title":"In situ Raman spectroscopy study of oxidation of double-and single-wall carbon nanotubes","volume":"18","author":"Osswald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1021\/j100129a001","article-title":"Thermogravimetric analysis of carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles","volume":"97","author":"Pang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumanek, B., Stando, G., Wr\u00f3bel, P.S., and Janas, D. (2019). Impact of Synthesis Parameters of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on their Thermoelectric Properties. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12213567"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2018.08.008","article-title":"Characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by a mixture of HNO3\/H2SO4","volume":"89","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diam.  Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035017","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6262\/4\/3\/035017","article-title":"Surface modification and functionalization of carbon nanotube with some organic compounds","volume":"4","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"177","article-title":"Functionalization of carbon nanotubes using nitric acid oxidation and DBD plasma","volume":"49","author":"Naseh","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Properties that influence the specific surface areas of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers","volume":"57","author":"Birch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108175","article-title":"Comparative study of structure, mechanical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of carbon nanotube buckypapers prepared by different dispersion media","volume":"184","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.11.016","article-title":"Influence of geometries of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the pore structures of Buckypaper","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.06.006","article-title":"Surface modification of UF membranes with functionalized MWCNTs to control membrane fouling by NOM fractions","volume":"492","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2009.09.019","article-title":"The effect of oxidation treatment on the properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube thin films","volume":"165","author":"Aggelopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2008.02.028","article-title":"Geometric control and tuneable pore size distribution of buckypaper and buckydiscs","volume":"46","author":"Whitby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-017-2384-2","article-title":"Designing Neat and Composite Carbon Nanotube Materials by Porosimetric Characterization","volume":"12","author":"Kobashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.03.122","article-title":"Tunable morphology and its influence on electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of carbon nanostructure-buckypaper","volume":"101","author":"Arif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2019.01.013","article-title":"Understanding fouling dynamics on functionalized CNT-based membranes: Mechanisms and reversibility","volume":"456","author":"Farid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2018.02.002","article-title":"Antifouling membranes for oily wastewater treatment: Interplay between wetting and membrane fouling","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10660","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc35844a","article-title":"Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic hybrid foam of graphene and carbon nanotube for selective removal of oils or organic solvents from the surface of water","volume":"48","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/10\/5\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:28:01Z","timestamp":1760174881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/10\/5\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes10050097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes10050097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]}}}