{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:52:32Z","timestamp":1786423952646,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007458","name":"Qatar Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP: 8\u2010270\u20102\u2010106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP: 8\u2010270\u20102\u2010106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) has garnered immense attention for its application in the agricultural field and its potential to reuse wastewater sustainably. Membrane fouling, however, remains to be a challenge for the process. This study aims to investigate the influence of membrane fouling on the performance of the FDFO process. Synthetic wastewater (SWW) and multi-component fertilizer (MCF) were used as feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) with cellulose triacetate (CTA) forward osmosis (FO) membrane orientation. The performance was evaluated through water flux (WF), percentage recovery and percentage of salt reject. The WF declined from 10.32 LMH (L\/m2\u00b7h) to 3.30 LMH when ultra-pure water as FS was switched with concentration FS indicating the dependence of the performance on the type of FS used. Accelerated fouling experiments conducted to verify the fouling behavior showed a decline in the water flux from 8.6 LMH to 3.09 LMH with SWW and 13.1 LMH to 3.42 LMH when deionized water was used as FS. The effects of osmotic backwashing and in situ flushing as physical cleaning methods of the foul membrane were studied through water flux and salt recovery percentage. Both cleaning methods yielded a WF close to the baseline. Osmotic backwashing yielded better results by eliminating foulant\u2013foulant and foulant\u2013membrane adhesion. The cleaning methods were able to recover 75% of phosphate and 60% of nitrate salts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results validated the effectiveness of the methods for the physical cleaning of foul membranes. This study underlines the importance of the FS used in FDFO and the effectiveness of osmotic backwashing as a cleaning method of FO membranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10090243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T10:22:23Z","timestamp":1600424543000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Membrane Fouling on Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Desalination Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majeda","family":"Khraisheh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Gulied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fares","family":"AlMomani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114338","article-title":"Fouling mitigation in forward osmosis and membrane distillation for desalination","volume":"480","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114452","article-title":"Recent development of graphene oxide based forward osmosis membrane for water treatment: A critical review","volume":"491","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.241","article-title":"Influence of draw solution type and properties on the performance of forward osmosis process: Energy consumption and sustainable water reuse","volume":"233","author":"Gulied","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Basile, A., Cassano, A., and Rastogi, N.K. 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