{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:35:03Z","timestamp":1793230503588,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, environmental challenges have been recognised as a matter of concern. Among these challenges are the reduced availability and quality of drinking water, and greenhouse gases that give rise to change in climate by entrapping heat, which result in respirational illness from smog and air pollution. Globally, the rate of demand for the use of freshwater has outgrown the rate of population increase; as the rapid growth in town and cities place a huge pressure on neighbouring water resources. Besides, the rapid growth in anthropogenic activities, such as the generation of energy and its conveyance, release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, warming the planet. Polymer nanocomposite has played a significant role in finding solutions to current environmental problems. It has found interest due to its high potential for the reduction of gas emission, and elimination of pollutants, heavy metals, dyes, and oil in wastewater. The revolution of integrating developed novel nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers and activated carbon, in polymers, have instigated revitalizing and favourable inventive nanotechnologies for the treatment of wastewater and gas separation. This review discusses the effective employment of polymer nanocomposites for environmental utilizations. Polymer nanocomposite membranes for wastewater treatment and gas separation were reviewed together with their mechanisms. The use of polymer nanocomposites as an adsorbent for toxic metals ions removal and an adsorbent for dye removal were also discussed, together with the mechanism of the adsorption process. Patents in the utilization of innovative polymeric nanocomposite membranes for environmental utilizations were discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11020139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T08:09:09Z","timestamp":1613462949000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["A Review on Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Effective Applications in Membranes and Adsorbents for Water Treatment and Gas Separation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Oluranti","family":"Agboola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ojo Sunday Isaac","family":"Fayomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayoola","family":"Ayodeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2701-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustine Omoniyi","family":"Ayeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith E.","family":"Alagbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1365-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Sanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel E.","family":"Okoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Covenant University, Ota PMB 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucey","family":"Moropeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8504-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rotimi","family":"Sadiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehinde Williams","family":"Kupolati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babalola Aisosa","family":"Oni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.98","article-title":"Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: History, sources, toxicity and regulations","volume":"9","author":"Jeevanandam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4818423","article-title":"Surface characterization of nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Important needs and challenging opportunities","volume":"31","author":"Baer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/676815","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes: A review on structure and their interaction with proteins","volume":"676815","author":"Saifuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13444D","article-title":"Nanofibers with diameter below one nanometer from electrospinning","volume":"8","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-662","article-title":"Large-surface-area BN nanosheets and their utilization in polymeric composites with improved thermal and dielectric properties","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA07617J","article-title":"Ultrathin mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheets with excellent photo-\/thermo-catalytic activity","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-00970-6","article-title":"Carbon nanotube\u2011based adsorbents for the removal of dyes from waters: A review","volume":"18","author":"Mashkoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102A","DOI":"10.1021\/es0323998","article-title":"Environmental technologies at the nanoscale","volume":"37","author":"Masciangioli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thondavada, N., Chokkareddy, R., Naidu, N.V., and Redhi, G.G. (2019). Environmental science and engineering applications of polymer and nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. Composites for Environmental Engineering, Scrivener Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119555346.ch6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8229","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01466","article-title":"Environmental applications of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2\u00af) nanosheets","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1039\/b804128h","article-title":"Functional nanofibers for environmental applications","volume":"18","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-008-0213-1","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Structure, properties, preparation and behaviour in environmental media","volume":"17","author":"Christian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4340","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by N- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) ethylenediamine triacetic acid (TMSEDTA): Investigation of the interactions between phloroglucinol and ZnO@TMSEDTA","volume":"8","author":"Barrak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05451K","article-title":"Characterization of the defect structure of oxide nanoparticles with the use of deuterium probes","volume":"10","author":"Vykhodets","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Qui, H., and Yang, J. (2017). Structure and properties of carbon nanotubes. Industrial Application of Carbon Nanotube, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2003.10.001","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes: Properties and application","volume":"43","author":"Popov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Report"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/60\/10\/001","article-title":"Nanometre-size tubes of carbon","volume":"60","author":"Ajayan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.010","article-title":"Graphene oxide modified strain hardening cementitious composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties by incorporating ultra-fine phase change materials","volume":"98","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Yang, J., and Ouyang, D. (2019). Effect of graphene oxide on mechanical properties of cement mortar and its strengthening mechanism. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12223753"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.25455","article-title":"Enhanced mechanical property, thermal and electrical conductivity of natural rubber\/graphene nanosheets nanocomposites","volume":"41","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Nanocomp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastidar, D.G., and Chakrabarti, G. (2019). Thermoresponsive drug delivery systems, characterizations and applications. Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814029-1.00006-5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201002376","article-title":"Fabrication of hierarchically porous inorganic nanofibers by a general microemulsion electrospinning approach","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"57","article-title":"How porous nanofibers have enhanced the engineering of advanced materials: A review","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Text. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-26672-1_1","article-title":"Nanotechnology in wastewater and the capacity of nanotechnology for sustainability","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Agboola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01000","article-title":"The global rise of zero liquid discharge for wastewater management: Drivers, technologies, and future directions. Critical review","volume":"50","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7021017","article-title":"Nanocomposite electrospun nanofiber membranes for environmental remediation: Review","volume":"7","author":"Homaeigohar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.02.071","article-title":"Polymer-supported nanocomposite for environmental application: A review","volume":"170","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10696","article-title":"Influence of polymer matrix composition and architecture on polymer nanocomposite formation: Coarse grained molecular dynamics simulation","volume":"41","author":"Sinsawat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, T.R. (2017). Polymer nanocomposites for environmental applications. Properties and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites\u2014Clay and Carbon Based Polymer Nanocomposites, Springer Verlag GmbH.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53517-2_5"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2016.02.007","article-title":"Adsorbents based on natural polymers for removal of some heavy metals from aqueous solution","volume":"26","author":"Farag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egyptian J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.11.009","article-title":"A comprehensive review on anti-fouling nanocomposite membranes for pressure driven membrane separation processes","volume":"379","author":"Jhaveri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.11.033","article-title":"Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal\/metal oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review","volume":"308","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.11.019","article-title":"Polymer-matrix nanocomposite membranes for water treatment","volume":"479","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-019-00895-9","article-title":"Polymeric nanocomposite membranes for water treatment: A review","volume":"17","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatanpour, V., and Safarpour, M. (2018). Carbon-Based polymer nanocomposite membranes for desalination. Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental and Energy Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813574-7.00012-5"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.02.010","article-title":"Recent advances of nanomaterial- based membrane for water purification","volume":"7","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ursino, C., Castro-Mu\u00f1oz, R., Drioli, E., Gzara, L., Albeirutty, M.H., and Figoli, A. (2018). Progress of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8020018"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2016.08.001","article-title":"Engineering nanocomposite membranes: Addressing current challenges and future opportunities","volume":"401","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.02.003","article-title":"Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic-inorganic nanocomposites\u2014A review","volume":"38","author":"Kango","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.01.084","article-title":"Advanced functional polymer membranes","volume":"47","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilal, N., Ismail, A.F., and Wright, C. (2015). Membrane Fabrication, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18149"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10355","DOI":"10.1021\/ie303289k","article-title":"Behaviors and effects of differing dimensional nanomaterials in water filtration membranes through the classical phase inversion process: A review","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.11.041","article-title":"Development of nanosilver and multiwalled carbon nanotubes thin-film nanocomposite membrane for enhanced water treatment","volume":"394","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.12989\/mwt.2015.6.4.323","article-title":"Modification methods of polyethersulfone membranes for minimizing fouling-Review","volume":"6","author":"Sathish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Membr. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16395","DOI":"10.1021\/jp107280m","article-title":"MWNTs\/polyester thin film nanocomposite membrane: An approach to overcome the trade-off effect between permeability and selectivity","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2007.0076","article-title":"Properties of membranes containing semi-dispersed carbon nanotubes","volume":"25","author":"Brunet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1021\/nl071414u","article-title":"Scalable fabrication of carbon nanotube\/polymer nanocomposite membranes for high flux gas transport","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2010.1701","article-title":"Carbon nanotube based composite membranes for water desalination by membrane distillation","volume":"17","author":"Sears","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01509","article-title":"A carbon nanotube-infused polysulfone membrane with polyvinyl alcohol layer for treating oil-containing wastewater","volume":"3","author":"Maphutha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4011494","article-title":"Zwitterion functionalized carbon nanotube\/polyamide nanocomposite membranes for water desalination","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.117857","article-title":"Polyphenol-metal manipulated nanohybridization of CNT membranes with FeOOH nanorods for high-flux, antifouling and self-cleaning oil\/water separation","volume":"600","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1039\/C0JM02395G","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles within vertically aligned multi-wall carbon nanotubes with open tips for antibacterial purposes","volume":"21","author":"Akhavan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.11.014","article-title":"Polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes impregnated with silver nanoparticles show improved biofouling resistance and virus removal","volume":"43","author":"Zodrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2010.07.041","article-title":"Membrane surfaces immobilized with ionic or reduced silver and their anti-biofouling performances","volume":"363","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.05.022","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) location in nanocomposite membrane matrix fabricated with different polymer type on antibacterial mechanism","volume":"347","author":"Tas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.02.025","article-title":"Aminated polyethersulfone-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-APES) composite membranes with controlled silver ion release for antibacterial and water treatment applications","volume":"62","author":"Haider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.11.060","article-title":"Biofouling prevention using silver nanoparticle impregnated polyethersulfone (PES) membrane: E. coli cell-killing in a continuous cross-flow membrane module","volume":"491","author":"Biswas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figoli, J.B.A., Hoinkis, J., and Altinkaya, S.A. (2017). Photocatalytic activity and synthesis procedures of TiO2 nanoparticles for potential applications in membranes. Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315179070"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.05.049","article-title":"TiO2 entrapped nano-composite PVDF\/SPES membranes: Preparation, characterization, antifouling and antibacterial properties","volume":"278","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2003.12.012","article-title":"Influence of inorganic fillers on the compaction behavior of porous polymer based membranes","volume":"233","author":"Ebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.07.006","article-title":"A new approach to improve antifouling property of PVDF membrane using in situ polymerization of PAA functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"380","author":"Madaeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00418-0","article-title":"Design of TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled aromatic polyamide thin-film-composition (TFC) membrane as an approach to solve bio-fouling problem","volume":"211","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.02.006","article-title":"TiO2 embedded mixed matrix PES nanocomposite membranes: Influence of different sizes and types of nanoparticles on antifouling and performance","volume":"292","author":"Vatanpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Droli, E., and Giorno, L. (2015). Nanofiltration membranes. Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.03.029","article-title":"Recent trends of heavy metal removal from water\/wastewater by membrane technologies","volume":"76","author":"Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indust. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7608423","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7608423","article-title":"Current advances of polymer composites for water treatment and desalination","volume":"2020","author":"Berber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M.Z., Engtrakul, C., Bischoff, B.L., Lu, M., and Alemseghed, M. (2018). Surface-Engineered inorganic nanoporous membranes for vapor and pervaporative separations of water\u2013ethanol mixtures. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8040095"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"2","article-title":"Carbon membranes for gas separation processes: Recent progress and future perspective","volume":"1","author":"Salleh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Baker, R.W. (2006). Membrane Technology and Applications, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2012.09.019","article-title":"Polymeric mixed matrix membranes containing zeolites as a filler for gas separation applications: A review","volume":"19","author":"Bastani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00429-5","article-title":"Mixed matrix membranes using carbon molecular sieves: Preparation and experimental results","volume":"211","author":"Vu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2010.08.023","article-title":"Performance studies of mixed matrix membranes for gas separation: A review","volume":"75","author":"Aroon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10029","article-title":"Hybrid membrane materials comprising organic polymers with rigid dispersed phases","volume":"50","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0501475","article-title":"Separations research needs for the 21st century","volume":"44","author":"Noble","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2006.12.017","article-title":"Polymer-inorganic nanocomposite membranes for gas separation","volume":"55","author":"Cong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.01.008","article-title":"Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) comprising organic polymers with dispersed inorganic fillers for gas separation","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"40","article-title":"Fabrication and evaluation of functionalized nano-titanium dioxide (F-NanoTiO2)\/polysulfone (PSf) nanocomposite membranes for gas separation. Iranian","volume":"11","author":"Kiadehi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"74","article-title":"Mixed matrix membranes prepared from high impact polystyrene with dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles for gas separation","volume":"6","author":"Safaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.07.019","article-title":"Preparation and enhanced gas separation performance of Carbon\/Carbon nanotubes (C\/CNTs) hybrid membranes","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.05.009","article-title":"Gas separation properties of poly(amide-6- b-ethylene oxide)\/amino modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes mixed matrix membranes","volume":"467","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2007.12.008","article-title":"A comparison of carbon\/nanotube molecular sieve membranes with polymer blend carbon molecular sieve membranes for the gas permeation application","volume":"113","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mat."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.01.048","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of carbon molecular sieve membranes for gas separation-the effect of incorporated multi-wall carbon nanotubes","volume":"240","author":"Tseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.02.003","article-title":"Gas separation properties of functionalized carbon nanotubes mixed matrix membranes","volume":"78","author":"Sanip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.01.015","article-title":"Fabrication of polyimide and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes mixed matrix membranes by in-situ polymerization for CO2 separation","volume":"177","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1021\/ie071083w","article-title":"Natural gas processing with membranes: An overview","volume":"47","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.11.026","article-title":"Adjustable microstructure carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from thermally stable polyetherimide\/polyimide blends for gas separation","volume":"113","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.03.022","article-title":"Gas separation performance of supported carbon molecular sieve membranes based on soluble polybenzimidazole","volume":"533","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioli, E., and Giorno, L. (2015). The principle of gas separation. Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40872-4"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kononova, S.V., Gubanova, G.N., Korytkova, E.N., Sapegin, D.A., Setnickova, K., Petrychkovych, R., and Uchytil, P. (2018). Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8071181"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53728-7.00007-0","article-title":"Correlation between pyrolysis atmosphere and carbon molecular sieve membrane performance properties","volume":"14","author":"Kiyono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Membr. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"LENNTECH (2020, December 21). Membrane Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.lenntech.com\/membrane-technology.htm#:~:text=The%20membrane%20separation%20process%20is,suspended%20solids%20and%20other%20substances.&text=Membranes%20occupy%20through%20a%20selective%20separation%20wall."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Complete Water Solution (2020, December 21). The Principle of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membrane. Available online: https:\/\/complete-water.com\/resources\/the-principle-of-reverse-osmosis-and-nanofiltration."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Glover, F.A. (2020, December 21). Principles of Ultrafiltration and the Concentration and Fractionation of Cow\u2019s Milk. Human Milk Banking. Available online: https:\/\/www.nestlenutrition-institute.org\/docs\/default-source\/global-dcoument-library\/publications\/secured\/222783b622c38ac2bde9c8f878b82e26.pdf?sfvrsn=455b1ee3_0#:~:text=The%20principle%20of%20ultrafiltration%20(UF,larger%20molecules%20to%20be%20retained."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-018-0089-5","article-title":"Synthesis of activated carbon from olive seeds: Investigating the yield, energy efficiency, and dye removal capacity","volume":"1","author":"Agboola","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msaadi, R., Yilmaz, G., Allushi, A., Hamadi, S., Ammar, S., Chehimi, M.M., and Yagci, Y. (2019). Highly selective copper ion imprinted clay\/polymer nanocomposites prepared by visible light initiated radical photo polymerization. Polymer, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11020286"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, R. (2018). Polymer and polymer-based nanocomposite adsorbents for water treatment. Polymeric Materials for Clean Water, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00743-0"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.02.037","article-title":"Chromium (VI) removal from water using fixed bed column of polypyrrole\/Fe3O4 nanocomposite","volume":"110","author":"Bhaumik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2012.10.012","article-title":"Magnetic nanocomposites for environmental remediation","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.10.001","article-title":"Polymer nanocomposites from modified clays: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"51","author":"Kotal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.11.011","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review","volume":"92","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.12.025","article-title":"Nanoadsorbents based on conducting polymer nanocomposites with main focus on polyaniline and its derivatives for removal of heavy metal ions\/dyes: A review","volume":"162","author":"Zare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.046","article-title":"Chromium (III) uptake by agro-waste biosorbents: Chemical characterization, sorption-desorption studies, and mechanism","volume":"170","author":"Bernardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2014.01.026","article-title":"Application of kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic models for adsorption of Co (II) ions on polyaniline\/polypyrrole copolymer nanofibers from aqueous solution","volume":"20","author":"Javadian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.10.016","article-title":"Heavy metal removal from water\/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: A review","volume":"211","author":"Hua","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21501","article-title":"Effective adsorption of heavy metal cations by superparamagnetic poly(aniline- co-m -phenylenediamine)@Fe3O4 nanocomposite","volume":"34","author":"Zare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.05.025","article-title":"Poly (amidoamine-co-acrylic acid) copolymer: Synthesis, characterization and dye removal ability","volume":"42","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Shahabuddin, S. (2016). Polyaniline Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents and Photocatalysts in the Removal of Organic Dyes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Malaya]."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/860413","article-title":"Polypyrrole conducting electroactive polymers: Synthesis and stability studies","volume":"3","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"E J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1021\/es803710k","article-title":"Removal of aqueous Hg (II) by polyaniline: Sorption characteristics and mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13655","DOI":"10.1021\/ie3013874","article-title":"Adsorption of aqueous Cr(VI) by novel fibrous adsorbent with amino and quaternary ammonium groups","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"97","article-title":"Influence of polyaniline synthesis conditions on its capability for removal and recovery of chromium from aqueous solution","volume":"30","author":"Borghei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"741","article-title":"Removal of chromium from aqueous solution using synthesized polyaniline in acetonitrile","volume":"8","author":"Samani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Metal. Eng."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1091653","article-title":"High-performance and reproducible polyaniline nanowire\/tubes for removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution","volume":"115","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.11.099","article-title":"Facile synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles; its adsorption behavior","volume":"217","author":"Ayad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.11.006","article-title":"Sono-assisted synthesis of nanostructured polyaniline for adsorption of aqueous Cr(VI): Effect of protonic acids","volume":"239","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012100","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/206\/1\/012100","article-title":"Polymer-based adsorbent for heavy metals removal from aqueous solution","volume":"206","author":"Mahmud","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(96)80124-X","article-title":"Properties of polypyrrole prepared by chemical polymerization using aqueous solution containing Fe2(SO4)3 and anionic surfactant","volume":"79","author":"Kudoh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.02.024","article-title":"Removal of trivalent and hexavalent chromium with aminated polyacrylonitrile fibers: Performance and mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2006.04.001","article-title":"Selective adsorption behaviors of proteins on polypyrrole-based adsorbents","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.01.013","article-title":"Investigation of uranium (VI) adsorption by polypyrrole","volume":"332","author":"Abdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olatunji, M.A., Khandaker, M.U., Ladan, M., and Bradley, D.A. (2018). Polypyrrole-based nanocomposite adsorbents and its application in removal of radioactive materials. Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102262-7.00017-9"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.07.008","article-title":"Efficient removal of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous media by use of polypyrrole\/maghemite and polyaniline\/maghemite magnetic nanocomposites","volume":"281","author":"Maqueira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"408","article-title":"Transformation of nanoparticle magnetite prepared in homogeneous aqueous solution","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"1998","journal-title":"B Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2015.12.021","article-title":"Magnetic adsorption separation (MAS) process: An alternative method of extracting Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using polypyrrole coated Fe3O4 nanocomposites","volume":"158","author":"Muliwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/984\/1\/012008","article-title":"Removal of hexavalent chromium ions from wastewater using PPY\/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite influenced by rotating magnetic field a 2-pole three phase induction motor","volume":"984","author":"Aigbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"157","article-title":"Adsorption, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies on the removal of basic dye Rhodamine-B from aqueous solution by the use of natural adsorbent perlite","volume":"3","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.12.010","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon loaded \u03b3-Fe2O3 nanocomposite and their applicability for the selective removal of binary mixture of dyes by ultrasonic adsorption based on response surface methodology","volume":"36","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0737-4","article-title":"Impact of heavy metals and nanoparticles on aquatic biota","volume":"16","author":"Kahlon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1","article-title":"Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the adsorption of direct dye onto a novel green adsorbent developed from Uncaria Gambir extract","volume":"23","author":"Achmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Preparation, characterization of bentonite clay\/activated charcoal composites and 23 factorial design application in adsorption studies of methylene blue dye","volume":"6","author":"Chagas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Virtual Quim."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.05.029","article-title":"Adsorption of tannic acid, humic acid, and dyes from water using the composite of chitosan and activated clay","volume":"278","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanasa, E., Zaharia, C., Radu, I.C., Surdu, V.A., Vasile, B.S., Damian, C.-M., and Andronescu, E. (2019). Novel Nanocomposites Based on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles and Polyacrylamide: Preparation and Complex Characterization. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9101384"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0784-x","article-title":"Green synthesis, activation and functionalization of adsorbents for dye sequestration","volume":"17","author":"Mudhoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.10.058","article-title":"Amine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Single and binary systems for high capacity dye removal","volume":"313","author":"Maleki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.10.109","article-title":"Competitive adsorption of ternary dye mixture using pine cone powder modifed with \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"225","author":"Debnath","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"287","article-title":"Amine functionalized Kit-6 mesoporous magnetite nanocomposite as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Ponceau 4R dye from aqueous solutions","volume":"3","author":"Sojoudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, Y.J., Khan, F.S.M., Mubarak, N.M., Lau, S.Y., Chua, H.B., Khalid, M., and Abdullah, E.C. (2019). Functionalized carbon nanomaterials for wastewater treatment. Industrial Applications of Nanomaterials, Elsevier. Micro and Nanotechnology.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815749-7.00010-4"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2019.16812","article-title":"Scientific applications and prospects of nanomaterials: A multidiciplinary review","volume":"18","author":"Adeola","year":"2019","journal-title":"African J. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homaeigohar, S. (2020). The nanosized dye adsorbents for water treatment: Review. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020295"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nano-engineered adsorbent for the removal of dyes from water: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Tara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1021\/am100114f","article-title":"Magnetic dendritic materials for highly efficient adsorption of dyes and drugs","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr30316g","article-title":"A self-assembled polydopamine film on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles for specific capture of protein","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7302-6","article-title":"Application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in sample preparation","volume":"406","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902589t","article-title":"Chitosan-coated octadecyl functionalized magnetite nanoparticles: Preparation and application in extraction of trace pollutants from environmental water samples","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1260\/0263-6174.31.5.397","article-title":"Superparamagnetic core-shell polymeric nanocomposites for efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions","volume":"31","author":"Atta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adsorp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.11.070","article-title":"A facile approach towards amino-coated ferroferric oxide nanoparticles for environmental pollutant removal","volume":"513","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6249821","article-title":"Removal of Colored Organic Pollutants from Wastewaters by Magnetite\/Carbon Nanocomposites: Single and Binary Systems","volume":"2018","author":"Muntean","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S., Asthana, A., Chakraborty, R., Jain, B., Singh, A.K., Carabineiro, S.A.C., and Susan, M.A.B.H. (2020). Cationic dye removal using novel magnetic\/activated charcoal\/\u03b2Cyclodextrin\/alginate polymer nanocomposite. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010170"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.03.119","article-title":"Environmental applications of chitosan and cellulosic biopolymers: A comprehensive outlook","volume":"242","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1002\/app.37615","article-title":"Dye removal from colored-textile wastewater using chitosan-PPI dendrimer hybrid as a biopolymer: Optimization, kinetic, and isotherm studies","volume":"127","author":"Arami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16943","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR04624F","article-title":"The sensitive and selective adsorption of aromatic compounds with highly crosslinked polymer nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2017.029","article-title":"Efficient removal of some anionic dyes from aqueous solution using a polymer-coated magnetic nano-adsorbent","volume":"66","author":"Kiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Supply Res. Technol. Aqua"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.022","article-title":"Synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles and their application for the removal of Crystal Violet dye by ultrasonic adsorption process based on response surface methodology","volume":"34","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.140","article-title":"Poly(AA-co-VPA) hydrogel cross-linked with N-maleyl chitosan as dye adsorbent: Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic investigation","volume":"117","author":"Nakhjiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-02989-y","article-title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose structured nano-adsorbent for removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution: Isotherm and kinetic analyses","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"104","article-title":"Effect of microwave on the synthesis of polyacrylamide-g-chitosan gel for azo dye removal","volume":"148","author":"Feitosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Naser, A. (2018). Chitosan-Based Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment, Materials Research Forum LLC."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3390\/surfaces2030035","article-title":"Surface-Modified chitosan: An adsorption study of a \u201cTweezer-Like\u201d biopolymer with fluorescein","volume":"2","author":"Vafakish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surfaces"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1524-1","article-title":"Sorption of pollutants by porous carbon, carbon nanotubes and fullerene-an overview","volume":"20","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.03.012","article-title":"MWCNTs-Fe3O4 nanocomposite for Hg(II) high adsorption efficiency","volume":"258","author":"Sadegh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.867540","article-title":"Congo red removal using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic and isotherm study","volume":"53","author":"Sheibani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.06.054","article-title":"Synthesis of metal-organic framework hybrid nanocomposites based on GO and CNT with high adsorption capacity for dye removal","volume":"15","author":"Abdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060928","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes","volume":"297","author":"Baughman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.06.020","article-title":"Wrapping carbon nanotubes with poly (sodium 4- styrenesulfonate) for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue and its mechanism","volume":"256","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.063","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic functionalized MWCNT nanocomposite through surface RAFT co-polymerization of acrylic acid and N-isopropyl acrylamide for removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions","volume":"161","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.23266","article-title":"Adsorption of light green anionic dye from solution using polyethyleneimine-modified carbon nanotubes in batch mod","volume":"138","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112059","article-title":"Biomimetic functionalization of carbon nanotubes with poly(ionic liquids) for highly efficient adsorption of organic dyes","volume":"296","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103525","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes-based polymer nanocomposites: Bio-mimic preparation and methylene blue adsorption","volume":"8","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oxygen functionalized and pristine carbon nanotubes efficiency for adsorption of methyl orange dye","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inter. Res. J. Pure. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.02.083","article-title":"A study on the adsorption of gases in the thin film nanocomposite","volume":"8","author":"Niranjana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proceed."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3638178","article-title":"Carbon dioxide adsorption in graphene sheets","volume":"1","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2020-0023","article-title":"Potential of adsorbents from agricultural wastes as alternative fillers in mixed matrix membrane for gas separation: A review","volume":"9","author":"Ghazali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Process Synth."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioli, E., and Giorno, L. (2015). Gas separation. Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40872-4"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1039\/b802426j","article-title":"Selective gas adsorption and separation in metal\u2013organic frameworks","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2018.03.001","article-title":"Applications of metal-organic frameworks for green energy and environment: New advances in adsorptive gas separation, storage and removal","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8328","article-title":"Microporous metal-organic framework with dual functionalities for highly efficient removal of acetylene from ethylene\/acetylene mixtures","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Comms."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2017.05.013","article-title":"A microporous metal\u2013organic framework for selective C2H2 and CO2 separation","volume":"252","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.09.138","article-title":"A new MOF-505@ GO composite with high selectivity for CO2\/CH4 and CO2\/N2 separation","volume":"308","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2017.09.032","article-title":"An ethane-trapping MOF PCN-250 for highly selective adsorption of ethane over ethylene","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.025","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the adsorption mechanisms and factors influencing the adsorption process from the perspective of bioethanol dehydration","volume":"107","author":"Karimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew Sust. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-014-1321-6","article-title":"Eco-friendly biopolymer\/clay\/conducting polymer nanocomposite: Characterization and its application in reactive dye removal","volume":"15","author":"Azhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17880","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02768","article-title":"Understanding mechanism of adsorption in the decolorization of aqueous methyl violet (6B) solution by okra polysaccharides: Experiment and theory","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12079","article-title":"Measurement methods to evaluate engineered nanomaterial release from food contact materials","volume":"13","author":"Noonan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(03)00045-5","article-title":"A review of polymer dissolution","volume":"28","author":"Koenig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Norman, N.L., Fane, A.G., Winston Ho, W.S., and Matsuura, T. (2008). Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"95","article-title":"Factors driving rejection of micropollutants (xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens) during reverse osmosis\/nanofiltration treatment","volume":"1","author":"Dudziak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archit. Civ. Eng. Environ."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/am5062745","article-title":"Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Polymer Nanocomposites: Diffusion, Dissolution, and Desorption","volume":"7","author":"Duncan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Interface"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(00)00036-8","article-title":"Transport phenomena through polymeric system","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agboola, O., Sadiku, E.R., and Mokrani, T. (2016). Nanomembrane materials based on polymer blends. Design and Applications of Nanostructured Polymer Blends and Nanocomposite Systems, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-39408-6.00006-6"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1021\/la3036192","article-title":"Bimodal surface ligand engineering: The key to tunable nanocomposites","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1021\/ma061308z","article-title":"Micromechanical mechanism of reinforcement and losses in filled rubbers","volume":"39","author":"Gusev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00067-8","article-title":"Electrical properties of single wall carbon nanotube reinforced polyimide composites","volume":"63","author":"Ounaies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8686(01)00060-4","article-title":"The glass transition in thin polymer films","volume":"94","author":"Forrest","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microscopic chain motion in polymer nanocomposites with dynamically asymmetric interphases","volume":"6","author":"Senses","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1870","article-title":"Model polymer nanocomposites provide an understanding of confinement effects in real nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Rittigstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mat."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2031","article-title":"Enhanced mobility of confined polymers","volume":"6","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mat."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4773442","article-title":"Variation in glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposite films driven by morphological transitions","volume":"138","author":"Chandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)81415-5","article-title":"Diffusion of organic vapors at low concentrations in glassy PVC, polystyrene and PMMA","volume":"10","author":"Berens","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"243","article-title":"Nanotechnology in water treatment, case study","volume":"2","author":"Hashem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt J. Econ. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Frandsen, M.V., de Champvermeil, J.L.M., and Pascal, J.M. (2016). Gravity-Driven Water Purification System and Method for Manufacturing a Flexible, Collapsible Container. (2531177: WO2016\/162035 En), UK Patent."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"Rodrigues, D.F., Advincula, R.C., Claydon, F., Santos, C.M., and Tria, M.C.R. (2013). Nanocomposite Polymer-Carbon Based Nanomaterial Filter for the Simultaneous Removal of Bacteria and Heavy Metals. (WO2013039895A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"Lind, M.A., Fink, S., Sasaki, K., and Lin, J. (2014). Nanocomposite Membranes. (WO 2014\/159352A1), U.S. Patents."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"Lahalih, S.M. (2014). Nanocomposite Mixed-Matrix Membrane. (9,073,014), Justia Patents."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, D., Smuleac, V., Varma, R.S., and Sikdar, S.K. (2019). Green Synthesis Nanocomposite Membranes. (US 10,245,558 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Char, K., and Kang, S. (2007). Silver Nanoparticle\/Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for Olefin\/Paraffin Separation and Method of Preparing the Same. (US20,070,012,189A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Fritsch, D., and Merten, P. (2011). Composite Membrane, in Particular for Gas Separation. (EP2,397,218A1), European Patent."},{"key":"ref_208","unstructured":"Vijayendran, B.R., and Lalgudi, R.S. (2015). Polymer Nanocomposites for Gas Separation. (US 9.126,137 B1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"Paul, P., Nataraj, S.K., Kumar, A., and Prajapati, P.K. (2017). Sustainable Biomaterial Nanocomposites for Water Treatment and Process for Preparation Thereof. (WO2,017,002,137A1), International Patent."},{"key":"ref_210","unstructured":"Alqadami, A.A., Khan, M.A., Alothman, Z.A., Alsohaimi, I.H., Siddiqui, M.R., and Ghfar, A.A. (2019). Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposite for Removal of Divalent Heavy Metal Ions from Water. (US10,245,576B1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Long, J.R., Herm, Z.R., Swisher, J.A., Smit, B., Krishna, R., Bloch, E., and Murray, L. (2014). Metal-Organic Framework Adsorbents for Composite Gas Separation. (US20,140,061,540A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"Allendorf, M.D., Greathouse, J.A., and Chad, S. (2015). Metal-Organic Frameworks for Adsorption and Separation of Noble Gases. (9,662,632), Justia Patents."},{"key":"ref_213","unstructured":"Schroder, M., and Yang, S. (2019). Metal-Organic Frameworks (Mof) for Gas Capture. (EP2,846,896B1), European Patent."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sustainability nanocomposite for water treatment","volume":"2","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Org. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2961513","article-title":"Environmental and societal impact of nanotechnology","volume":"8","author":"Babatunde","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyene, H.D., and Ambaye, T.G. (2019). Application of Sustainable Nanocomposites for Water Purification Process. Sustainable Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05399-4_14"}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/11\/2\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:24:54Z","timestamp":1760160294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/11\/2\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":216,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes11020139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes11020139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}}}