{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T04:21:46Z","timestamp":1781410906871,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["247612\/O30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["247612\/O30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel approach for resource recovery includes forward osmosis (FO) as a concentration step in municipal wastewater treatment. The current study investigates different pre-treatment strategies including biological treatment with a moving-bed bioreactor (MBBR) at different loading rates and particle removal by filtration and sedimentation. Membrane performance and recovery potential for energy and nutrients were investigated in laboratory-scale FO experiments in batch mode using pre-treated municipal wastewater as feed and 35 g\/L NaCl as a draw solution. Initial water fluxes were in the range of 6.3 to 8.0 L\/(m2\u00b7h). The baseline fluxes were modelled to account for flux decline due to concentration effects and to enable the prediction of flux decline due to membrane fouling. Fouling-related flux decline varied from 0 to 31%. Both organic fouling and precipitation of CaCO3 and CaHPO4 were identified by using SEM\u2013EDS. High-rate flushing resulted in complete flux recovery under most conditions. Scaling could be avoided by lowering the pH. Two operation strategies were tested to achieve this: (1) applying a bioreactor with a low organic loading rate to achieve high nitrification, and (2) adding a strong acid. A low organic loading rate and the use of additional particle removal were efficient measures that reduced organic\/particulate fouling. The recovery potentials for COD and phosphorous in FO concentrate were close to 100%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11040278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Concentration of Municipal MBBR Effluent by FO for Resource Recovery: Batch Experiments in Side-Stream Configuration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Willy R\u00f8stum","family":"Thelin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens vei 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1968-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edvard","family":"Sivertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens vei 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Raspati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens vei 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2613-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal","family":"Azrague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens vei 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herman","family":"Helness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Community, S.P. Andersens vei 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneshgar, S., Callegari, A., Capodaglio, A.G., and Vaccari, D. (2018). The Potential Phosphorus Crisis: Resource Conservation and Possible Escape Technologies: A Review. 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