{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:56:25Z","timestamp":1762642585642,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2314-B-038 -016","106-2119-M-038 -001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2314-B-038 -016","106-2119-M-038 -001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease is one of the major diseases that plagues today\u2019s modern society. Conventional treatments utilize synthetic vascular grafts such as Dacron\u00ae and Teflon\u00ae in bypass graft surgery. Despite the wide adaptation, these synthetic grafts are often plagued with weaknesses such as low hemocompatibility, thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and risks of graft infection. More importantly, these synthetic grafts are not available at diameters of less than 6 mm. In view of these challenges, we strived to develop and adapt the electrospun Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Microtube Array Membrane (MTAM) vascular graft for applications smaller than 6 mm in diameter. Homogenously porous PLGA MTAMs were successfully electrospun at 5.5\u20138.5 kV under ambient conditions. Mechanically, the PLGA MTAMs registered a maximum tensile strength of 5.57 \u00b1 0.85 MPa and Young\u2019s modulus value of 1.134 \u00b1 0.01 MPa; while MTT assay revealed that seven-day Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) registered a 6 times and 2.4 times higher cell viability when cultured in a co-culture setting in medium containing \u03b1-1 haptaglobulin. When rolled into a vascular graft, the PLGA MTAMs registered an overall degradation of 82% after 60 days of cell co-culture. After eight weeks of culturing, immunohistochemistry staining revealed the formation of a monolayer of HUVECs with tight junctions on the surface of the PLGA MTAM, and as for the SMCs housed within the lumens of the PLGA MTAMs, a monolayer with high degree of orientation was observed. The PLGA MTAM registered a burst pressure of 1092.2 \u00b1 175.3 mmHg, which was sufficient for applications such as small diameter blood vessels. Potentially, the PLGA MTAM could be used as a suitable substrate for vascular engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11100732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T10:39:20Z","timestamp":1632739160000},"page":"732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tissue-Engineered Vascular Graft with Co-Culture of Smooth Muscle Cells and Human Endothelial Vein Cells on an Electrospun Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microtube Array Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chee Ho","family":"Chew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo-Long","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9600-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5712-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsai-Mu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taipei Heart Institute (THI), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ming","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Heart Institute (THI), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"},{"name":"The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11052, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0100","article-title":"The Tissue-Engineered Vascular Graft\u2014Past, Present, and Future","volume":"22","author":"MacNeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. 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