{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:07:04Z","timestamp":1783051624476,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/TK02\/UITM\/03\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/TK02\/UITM\/03\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-enzyme cascade catalysis involved three types of dehydrogenase enzymes, namely, formate dehydrogenase (FDH), formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FaldDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and an equimolar electron donor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), assisting the reaction is an interesting pathway to reduce thermodynamically stable molecules of CO2 from the atmosphere. The biocatalytic sequence is interesting because it operates under mild reaction conditions (low temperature and pressure) and all the enzymes are highly selective, which allows the reaction to produce three basic chemicals (formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol) in just one pot. There are various challenges, however, in applying the enzymatic conversion of CO2, namely, to obtain high productivity, increase reusability of the enzymes and cofactors, and to design a simple, facile, and efficient reactor setup that will sustain the multi-enzymatic cascade catalysis. This review reports on enzyme-aided reactor systems that support the reduction of CO2 to methanol. Such systems include enzyme membrane reactors, electrochemical cells, and photocatalytic reactor systems. Existing reactor setups are described, product yields and biocatalytic productivities are evaluated, and effective enzyme immobilization methods are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Review on the Design and Performance of Enzyme-Aided Catalysis of Carbon Dioxide in Membrane, Electrochemical Cell and Photocatalytic Reactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fatin Nasreen","family":"Ahmad Rizal Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fauziah","family":"Marpani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"},{"name":"Catalysis for Sustainable Water and Energy Nexus Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria Eliz","family":"Anak Dilol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syazana","family":"Mohamad Pauzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Hidayati","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"},{"name":"Catalysis for Sustainable Water and Energy Nexus Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Hashimah","family":"Alias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"},{"name":"Catalysis for Sustainable Water and Energy Nexus Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik Raikhan","family":"Nik Him","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianquan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norazah","family":"Abd Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0797-x","article-title":"Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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