{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1789564228478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JICA Technical Cooperation Project","award":["UTM CEP 2102a \/ R R.J130000.7309.4B651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UTM CEP 2102a \/ R R.J130000.7309.4B651"]}]},{"name":"MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MALAYSIA","award":["R.J090301.7809.4J430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.J090301.7809.4J430"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005417","name":"University of Technology Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q.J130000.2409.08G34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.2409.08G34"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Prototype Research Grant-ICC (PRGS-ICC)","award":["R.J130000.7709.4J483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.J130000.7709.4J483"]}]},{"name":"Industry \/ International Incentive Grant (IIIG)","award":["Q.J130000.3609.03M17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.3609.03M17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is amongst the endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that cause illness to humans and in this work was removed using copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) visible light photocatalyst which has a narrow bandgap of 2.2 eV. This was done by embedding Cu2O into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes to generate a Cu2O\/PVDF dual layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membrane using a co-extrusion technique. The initial ratio of 0.25 Cu2O\/PVDF was used to study variation of the outer dope extrusion flowrate for 3 mL\/min, 6 mL\/min and 9 mL\/min. Subsequently, the best flowrate was used to vary Cu2O\/PVDF for 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 with fixed outer dope extrusion flowrate. Under visible light irradiation, 10 mg\/L of BPA was used to assess the membranes performance. The results show that the outer and inner layers of the membrane have finger-like structures, whereas the intermediate section of the membrane has a sponge-like structure. With high porosity up to 63.13%, the membrane is hydrophilic and exhibited high flux up to 13,891 L\/m2h. The optimum photocatalytic membrane configuration is 0.50 Cu2O\/PVDF DLHF membrane with 6 mL\/min outer dope flowrate, which was able to remove 75% of 10 ppm BPA under visible light irradiation without copper leaching into the water sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:35:51Z","timestamp":1644546951000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Bisphenol A Removal Using Visible Light Driven Cu2O\/PVDF Photocatalytic Dual Layer Hollow Fiber Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1834-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Hawa","family":"Mohamed Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6242-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Watsa","family":"Khongnakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oulavanh","family":"Sinsamphanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science, Dongdok Campus, National University of Laos, Xaythany District, Vientiane 01080, Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hafiz","family":"Puteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonni Agustiono","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1082-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazirah Syahirah","family":"Zakria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijjani","family":"El-badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Fauzi","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhlis A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhana","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.121","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solution: A review","volume":"168","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325815598308","article-title":"Global assessment of bisphenol a in the environment: Review and analysis of its occurrence and bioaccumulation","volume":"13","author":"Corrales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3974-5","article-title":"Nonylphenols, benzophenones, and benzotriazoles in soils, groundwater, surface water, sediments, and food: A review","volume":"22","author":"Careghini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.08.008","article-title":"Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Rochester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Kang, S., Xiong, R., and Chen, M. (2020). Environment-friendly removal methods for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187615"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.04.041","article-title":"Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface water, drinking water and plasma from Malaysia with exposure assessment from consumption of drinking water","volume":"427\u2013428","author":"Santhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International, Food Safety, Authorities Network (INFOSAN) (2009). BISPHENOL A (BPA)\u2014Current State of Knowledge and Future Actions by WHO and FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/fs_management\/No_05_Bisphenol_A_Nov09_en.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losada-Garcia, N., Rodriguez-Otero, A., and Palomo, J.M. (2020). Fast degradation of bisphenol a in water by nanostructured cunps@calb biohybrid catalysts. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10070753"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.230562","article-title":"Bpa toxicity during development of zebrafish embryo","volume":"81","author":"Scopel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106031","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in humans following dermal administration","volume":"144","author":"Sasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27706","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA05198E","article-title":"Fast, efficient and clean adsorption of bisphenol-A using renewable mesoporous silica nanoparticles from sugarcane waste ash","volume":"10","author":"Rovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-016-1056-6","article-title":"Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from biologically treated wastewater by microfiltration and nanofiltration","volume":"13","author":"Bernat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-018-1263-4","article-title":"Microbial, community enhances, biodegradation of bisphenol, a through, selection of sphingomonadaceae","volume":"77","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.12.002","article-title":"Extraction performance of bisphenol A from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane using response surface methodology","volume":"313","author":"Jiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.02.068","article-title":"Modelling the effects of nanofiltration membrane properties on system cost assessment for desalination applications","volume":"206","author":"Mohammad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"89","article-title":"Biological, remediation of soil, polluted with, oil products: An overview of available, technologies","volume":"25","author":"Alin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. \u015fi Cercet. Univ. Vasile Alecsandri din Bac\u0103u"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-019-09492-2","article-title":"A review on emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) for the treatment of various industrial effluent streams","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saravanan, R., Gracia, F., and Stephen, A. (2017). Basic, principles, mechanism, and challenges of photocatalysis. Nanocomposites for Visible, Light-Induced Photocatalysis, Springer. Available online: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-62446-4_2%0Ahttp:\/\/files\/20\/9783319624457-c2.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62446-4_2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9050","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based water treatment strategies","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Jiang, W., Chen, L., Xu, P., and Wang, H. (2020). Treatment of produced water with photocatalysis: Recent advances, affecting factors and future research prospects. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10080924"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36514","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA06858F","article-title":"Cu2O as an emerging semiconductor in photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic treatment of water contaminated with organic substances: A review","volume":"10","author":"Koiki","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121302","article-title":"Enhanced dark adsorption and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of narrower-band-gap Cu2S decorated Cu2O nanocomposites for efficient removal of organic pollutants","volume":"384","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.04.078","article-title":"Photocatalytic membrane in water purification: Is it stepping closer to be driven by visible light?","volume":"584","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"118","article-title":"Full scale sanitary landfill leachate treatment by MBR: Flat sheet vs. hollow fiber membrane","volume":"7","author":"Tolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.-Z. (2013). Heat and mass, transfer in hollow, fiber membrane, bundles with randomly, distributed fibers. Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Heat Mass Exchanger Ducts, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407782-9.00008-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.12.052","article-title":"Morphological study of co-extruded dual-layer hollow fiber membranes incorporated with different TiO2 loadings","volume":"479","author":"Dzinun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.07.020","article-title":"Novel dual-layer hollow fiber membranes applied for forward osmosis process","volume":"421\u2013422","author":"Setiawan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.17576\/mjas-2017-2102-18","article-title":"The morphological properties study of photocatalytic TiO2\/pvdf dual layer hollow fiber membrane for endocrine disrupting compounds degradation","volume":"21","author":"Kamaludin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays. J. Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houis, S., Engelhardt, E.M., Wurm, F., and Gries, T. (2010). Application of polyvinylidene, fluoride (PVDF) as a biomaterial in medical, textiles. Medical and Healthcare Textiles, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857090348.342"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.03.055","article-title":"Application and modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes\u2014A review","volume":"463","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2019.05.057","article-title":"Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the tuning of copper oxide thin films by reactive sputtering for solar light driven photocatalysis","volume":"187","author":"Govardhanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CY00082D","article-title":"High performance heterojunction photocatalytic membranes formed by embedding Cu2O and TiO2 nanowires in reduced graphene oxide","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales, R.R., Park, M.J., Tijing, L., Han, D.S., Phuntsho, S., and Shon, H.K. (2018). Modification of nanofiber support layer for thin film composite forward osmosis membranes via layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0279.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10031","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-04029-9","article-title":"Characterization of bauxite as a potential, natural photocatalyst for photodegradation of textile dye","volume":"44","author":"Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6985","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA10964A","article-title":"Immobilization techniques of a photocatalyst into and onto a polymer membrane for photocatalytic activity","volume":"11","author":"Zakria","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126966","article-title":"Co0\u00b75Ni0\u00b75FeCrO4 spinel nanoparticles decorated with UiO-66-based metal-organic frameworks grafted onto GO and O-SWCNT for gas adsorption and water purification","volume":"255","author":"Ashtiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-4006-8","article-title":"Visible-light-driven, photocatalytic N-Doped, TiO2 for degradation of bisphenol, A (BPA) and reactive, Black 5 (RB5) dye","volume":"229","author":"Kamaludin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.01.114","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of nonylphenol by immobilized TiO2 in dual layer hollow fibre membranes","volume":"269","author":"Dzinun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"289","article-title":"Fabrication of dual, layer hollow, fibre membranes for photocatalytic, degradation of organic, pollutants","volume":"6","author":"Dzinun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-019-2470-7","article-title":"Hydrophobic, Cu2O surfaces prepared by chemical bath deposition method","volume":"125","author":"Akbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioli, E., and Giorno, L. (2016). Spongelike, structure. Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40872-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.02.012","article-title":"Highly efficient visible light TiO2 photocatalyst prepared by sol-gel method at temperatures lower than 300 \u00b0C","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.105939","article-title":"Incorporation of N-doped TiO2 into dual layer hollow fi ber (DLHF) membrane for visible light-driven photocatalytic removal of reactive black 5","volume":"78","author":"Kamaludin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7880","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13476A","article-title":"Facile and low-cost approach towards a PVDF ultrafiltration membrane with enhanced hydrophilicity and antifouling performance via graphene oxide\/water-bath coagulation","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2","article-title":"Growth and characterization of Cu2O for solar cells applications","volume":"Volume 2056","author":"Hssi","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Tian, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, J., Li, G., Deng, P., and Chen, D. (2019). Electrochemical sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of tryptophan by a Cu2O nanoparticles- coated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9050176"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.21315\/jps2019.30.3.13","article-title":"Effect of additives on hydrophobicity of PVDF membrane in two-stage coagulation baths for desalination","volume":"30","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.03.087","article-title":"Manipulating membrane surface porosity and pore size by in-situ assembly of Pluronic, F127 and tannin","volume":"556","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, T., Russo, F., and Figoli, A. (2018). The formation of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes with tailored properties via vapour\/non-solvent induced phase separation. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8030071"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M., and Ng, S. (2018). Effect of membrane properties on contact angle. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5055437"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, F., Huang, M., Cai, T., and Meng, L. (2018). Effect of membrane, thickness on properties of FO membranes with nanofibrous, substrate. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/170\/5\/052005"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Dahman, Y., Javaheri, H., Chen, J., and Sulaiman, B.A.-C. (2017). Nanoparticles. Nanotechnology and Functional, Materials for Engineers, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38060-x","article-title":"Enhancing, morphology and separation, performance of polyamide 6, 6 membranes, by minimal, incorporation of silver, decorated graphene, oxide nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Den Berg, T., and Ulbricht, M. (2020). Polymer, nanocomposite ultrafiltration, membranes: The influence of polymeric, additive, dispersion, quality and particle, modification on the integration of zinc, oxide nanoparticles into polyvinylidene, difluoride membranes. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10090197"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16709-1_56","article-title":"Effect of thickness on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Bensouici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Clean Energy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A.L., Sugumaran, J., and Shoparwe, N.F. (2018). Antifouling, properties of PES membranes by blending with ZnO nanoparticles and NMP\u2014Acetone, mixture as solvent. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8040131"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC01248A","article-title":"Use of porous membranes in tissue barrier and co-culture models","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.22145","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl butyral\/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanocomposite ultrafiltration membranes to improve water flux","volume":"37","author":"Shafiei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"3949","article-title":"Tungsten, trioxide (WO3)-assisted photocatalytic, degradation of amoxicillin by simulated, solar irradiation","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munusamy, Y., and Fun, T.Y. (2019). Effect of graphene oxide (GO) on water flux of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane in oily wastewater. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5117072"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-020-04680-x","article-title":"Influence of surface roughness on contact angle hysteresis and spreading work","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloid. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junkar, I. (2016). Interaction of cells and platelets with biomaterial surfaces treated with gaseous plasma. Advances in Biomembranes and Lipid, Self-Assembly, Elsevier. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.abl.2016.01.002"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(84)80175-4","article-title":"The effect of surface roughening of polymers on measured contact angles of liquids","volume":"9","author":"Busscher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9419","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-9419-2020","article-title":"Review of \u201cthe role of contact, angle and pore, width on pore, condensation and freezing\u201d","volume":"20","author":"David","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, N.E., Nor, N.A.M., Jaafar, J., Ismail, A.F., Matsuura, T., Qtaishat, M.R., Othman, M.H.D., Rahman, M.C., Aziz, F., and Yusof, N. (2018). Performance of PES\/LSMM-OGCN photocatalytic membrane for phenol removal: Effect of OGCN loading. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8030042"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e601827","article-title":"Influencing, parameters in the photocatalytic, degradation of organic, effluent via nanometal, oxide catalyst: A review","volume":"2015","author":"Gnanaprakasam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamaludin, R., Rasdi, Z., Othman, M.H.D., Kadir, S.H.S.A., Nor, N.S.M., Khan, J., Mohamad Zain, W.N.I.W., Ismail, A.F., Rahman, M.A., and Jaafar, J. (2020). Visible-light active photocatalytic dual layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membrane and its potential in mitigating the detrimental effects of bisphenol A in water. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10020032"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541797","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3541797","article-title":"Bisphenol A removal through low-cost, kaolin-based, Ag@TiO2 photocatalytic, hollow fiber, membrane from the liquid, media under visible, light irradiation","volume":"2020","author":"Shareef","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20185304032","article-title":"Application of ceramic, membrane in water and wastewater, treatment","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5194\/dwes-9-27-2016","article-title":"Optimized photodegradation of Bisphenol A in water using ZnO.; TiO2 and SnO2 photocatalysts under UV radiation as a decontamination procedure","volume":"9","author":"Abo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drink. Water Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.067","article-title":"Degradation of bisphenol a using peroxymonosulfate activated by WO3@MoS2\/Ag hollow nanotubes photocatalyst","volume":"227","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2014.373","article-title":"Preparation of immobilized Cu2O using microwave irradiation and its catalytic activity for bisphenol A: Comparisons of Cu2O\/H2O2 and visible-light\/Cu2O\/H2O2 systems","volume":"70","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03636-6","article-title":"Bioinspired nanocoatings for biofouling prevention by photocatalytic redox reactions","volume":"7","author":"Sathe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/12\/2\/208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:18:01Z","timestamp":1760134681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/12\/2\/208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes12020208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes12020208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]}}}