{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:53:03Z","timestamp":1792605183736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["138046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmentalists are prioritizing reuse, recycling, and recovery systems to meet rising water demand. Diving into produced water treatment to enable compliance by the petroleum industry to meet discharge limits has increased research into advanced treatment technologies. The integration of biological degradation of pollutants and membrane separation has been recognized as a versatile technology in dealing with produced water with strength of salts, minerals, and oils being produced during crude refining operation. This review article presents highlights on produced water, fundamental principles of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), advantages of MBRs over conventional technologies, and research progress in the application of MBRs in treating produced water. Having limited literature that specifically addresses MBRs for PW treatment, this review also attempts to elucidate the treatment efficiency of MBRs PW treatment, integrated MBR systems, general fouling, and fouling mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12030275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Membrane Bioreactors for Produced Water Treatment: A Mini-Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8239-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Asante-Sackey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Engineering and Sustainability Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi P.O. Box 854, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudesh","family":"Rathilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Engineering and Sustainability Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Kweinor","family":"Tetteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Engineering and Sustainability Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Kwaku","family":"Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Engineering and Sustainability Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C.K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo P.O. Box 24, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.014","article-title":"Oil and gas companies\u2019 low-carbon emission transition to integrated energy companies","volume":"686","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"DNV GL (2017). Oil and Gas Forecast-Energy Transition Outlook 2017, DNV."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.04.009","article-title":"Examining prospects and challenges of Ghana\u2019s petroleum industry: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Abudu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake, U. (2016). 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