{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:11:26Z","timestamp":1790766686008,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"president of the Hauts-de-France region"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies have shown that bovine hemoglobin, a protein from slaughterhouse waste, has important biological potential after conventional enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the active peptides could not be considered pure since they contained mineral salts. Therefore, an optimized multi-step process of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) was carried out to produce discolored and demineralized peptides without the addition of chemical agents. The aim of this study was to test the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of discolored and demineralized bovine hemoglobin hydrolysates recovered by EDBM and to compare them with raw and discolored hydrolysates derived from conventional hydrolysis. The results demonstrate that discolored\u2013demineralized hydrolysates recovered from EDBM had significant antimicrobial activity against many bacterial (gram-positive and gram-negative) and fungal (molds and yeast) strains. Concerning antibacterial activity, lower MIC values for hydrolysates were registered against Staphylococcus aureus, Kocuria rhizophila and Listeria monocytogenes. For antifungal activity, lower MIC values for hydrolysates were registered against Paecilomyces spp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Mucor racemosus. Hemoglobin hydrolysates showed fungicidal mechanisms towards these fungal strains since the MFC\/MIC ratio was \u22644. The hydrolysates also showed a potent antioxidant effect in four different antioxidant tests. Consequently, they can be considered promising natural, low-salt food preservatives. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have identified the biological properties of discolored and demineralized bovine hemoglobin hydrolysates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12050512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T05:10:32Z","timestamp":1652332232000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Production of Demineralized Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Peptides from Bovine Hemoglobin Using an Optimized Multiple-Step System: Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mira","family":"Abou-Diab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s \u00c9lectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electro-Membrane Processes), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"UMR Transfrontali\u00e8re BioEcoAgro N\u00b01158, Universit\u00e9 Lille, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, Universit\u00e9 Artois, Universit\u00e9 Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacinthe","family":"Thibodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s \u00c9lectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electro-Membrane Processes), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Fliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7446-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Dhulster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR Transfrontali\u00e8re BioEcoAgro N\u00b01158, Universit\u00e9 Lille, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, Universit\u00e9 Artois, Universit\u00e9 Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6818-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Bazinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s \u00c9lectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electro-Membrane Processes), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Nedjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR Transfrontali\u00e8re BioEcoAgro N\u00b01158, Universit\u00e9 Lille, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, Universit\u00e9 Artois, Universit\u00e9 Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holban, A.-M., and Grumezescu, A.-M. 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