{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:53:42Z","timestamp":1792119222620,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"U.S. Army","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W56HZV-16-0117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W56HZV-16-0117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"U.S. Army","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4600011630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4600011630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004813","name":"California Department of Water Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W56HZV-16-0117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W56HZV-16-0117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004813","name":"California Department of Water Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4600011630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4600011630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gypsum and calcite scaling propensities of the thin-film composite polyamide (PA-TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, modified with a tethered surface layer of polyacrylic acid (PAA) chains, was evaluated and compared to the scaling of selected commercial RO membranes. The tethered PAA layer was synthesized onto a commercial polyamide membrane (i.e., base-PA) via atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization (APPIGP). The PAA nano-structured (SNS) base-PA membrane (SNS-PAA-PA) was scaled to a lesser degree, as quantified by a lower permeate flux decline and surface imaging, relative to the tested commercial membranes (Dow SW30, Toray SWRO, and BWRO). The cleaning of gypsum-scaled membranes with D.I. water flushing achieved 100% water permeability recovery for both the SNS-PAA-PA and Dow SW30 membranes, relative to 92\u201398% permeability restoration for the Toray membranes. The calcium carbonate scaling of SNS-PAA-PA membranes was also lower relative to the commercial membranes, but permeability recovery after D.I. water cleaning was somewhat lower (94%) but consistent with the level of surface scale coverage. In contrast, the calcite and gypsum-scaled membrane areas of the commercial membranes post-cleaning were significantly higher than for the SNS-PAA-PA membrane but with 100% permeability recovery, suggesting the potential for membrane damage when mineral scaling is severe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12121287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T01:36:02Z","timestamp":1671500162000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate Scaling of Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membranes with Surface-Tethered Polyacrylic Acid Chains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7310-5159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Renewable Resources & Enabling Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoram","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.09.001","article-title":"Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review","volume":"267","author":"Malaeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"233","article-title":"A Short Review on Process and Applications of Reverse Osmosis","volume":"1","author":"Garud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Univers. 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