{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:12Z","timestamp":1760147532478,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Advancement Research Program of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the Korean Government and the Korean Environmental Industry &amp; Technology Institute (KEITI)","award":["21CTAP-C157250-02","2021003040001","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CTAP-C157250-02","2021003040001","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039572"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of the Environment (MOE)","award":["21CTAP-C157250-02","2021003040001","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CTAP-C157250-02","2021003040001","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039572"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["21CTAP-C157250-02","2021003040001","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CTAP-C157250-02","2021003040001","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039572"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air conditioning using a liquid desiccant (LD) is an energy-efficient air purification and cooling system. However, high energy is required to concentrate or regenerate the LD. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling in more detail and determine control strategies for LD concentrating using membrane distillation (MD). Two different LDs\u2014lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium formate (HCOOK)\u2014were used. Because LDs require high concentrations by nature (i.e., 40 wt% for LiCl and 70 wt% for HCOOK), the concentration was started from half of those concentrations. This resulted in a flux decline with severe membrane fouling during the concentration using MD. Different membrane fouling mechanisms were also observed, depending on the LD type. Three different physical membrane fouling control methods, including water flushing (WF), air backwashing (AB), and membrane spacer (SP), were introduced. Results showed that WF was the most effective. Both AB and SP showed a marginal change to no cleaning; however, an initial flux with SP was about 1.5 times higher than no cleaning. Therefore, WF combined with the SP could maintain a high flux and a low fouling propensity in the treatment of a high-concentration solution using MD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13020222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:14:11Z","timestamp":1676254451000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fouling Control Strategies for High Concentrated Liquid Desiccants Concentrating Using Membrane Distillation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Seonguk","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seongeom","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghyun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.03.028","article-title":"Performance analysis of a membrane liquid desiccant air-conditioning system","volume":"62","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-4311(95)00090-9","article-title":"Proposed energy-efficient air-conditioning system using liquid desiccant","volume":"16","author":"Kinsara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. 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