{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:44:30Z","timestamp":1790135070853,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-38821-31091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-38821-31091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1914692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation CREST Center for Energy &amp; Environmental Sustainability","award":["2020-38821-31091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-38821-31091"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation CREST Center for Energy &amp; Environmental Sustainability","award":["1914692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914692"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address some challenges of food security and sustainability of the poultry processing industry, a sequential membrane process of ultrafiltration (UF), forward osmosis (FO), and reverse osmosis (RO) is proposed to treat semi-processed poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) and water recovery. The pretreatment of PSWW with UF removed 36.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 38.9% of total phosphorous (TP), 24.7% of total solids (TS), 14.5% of total volatile solids (TVS), 27.3% of total fixed solids (TFS), and 12.1% of total nitrogen (TN). Then, the PSWW was treated with FO membrane in FO mode, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode, and L-DOPA coated membrane in the PRO mode. The FO mode was optimal for PSWW treatment by achieving the highest average flux of 10.4 \u00b1 0.2 L\/m2-h and the highest pollutant removal efficiency; 100% of COD, 100% of TP, 90.5% of TS, 85.3% of TVS, 92.1% of TFS, and 37.2% of TN. The performance of the FO membrane was entirely restored by flushing the membrane with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. RO significantly removed COD, TS, TVS, TFS, and TP. However, TN was reduced by only 62% because of the high ammonia concentration present in the draw solution. Overall, the sequential membrane process (UF-FO-RO) showed excellent performance by providing high rejection efficiency for pollutant removal and water recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13030296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T02:10:59Z","timestamp":1677723059000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Sequential Membrane Process of Ultrafiltration Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis for Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment and Reuse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Faryal","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghava R.","family":"Kommalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10262","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12290-x","article-title":"Protein Recovery as a Resource from Waste Specifically via Membrane Technology\u2014From Waste to Wonder","volume":"28","author":"Shahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, August 21). Gateway to Poultry Production and Products. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/poultry-production-products\/production\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.02.018","article-title":"Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Using a Static Granular Bed Reactor Coupled with Single Stage Nitrification-Denitrification and Ultrafiltration Systems","volume":"29","author":"Rinquest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philipp, M., Jabri, K.M., Wellmann, J., Akrout, H., Bousselmi, L., and Gei\u00dfen, S.U. (2021). Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment: A Review on Recycling and Reuse Possibilities. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13223175"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, F., Du, H., and Kommalapati, R.R. (2021). Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies: A Review. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13141905"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezugbe, E.O., and Rathilal, S. (2020). Membrane Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10050089"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.11.038","article-title":"Coating Zwitterionic Amino Acid L-DOPA to Increase Fouling Resistance of Forward Osmosis Membrane","volume":"312","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadifakhr, M., de Grooth, J., Roesink, H.D.W., and Kemperman, A.J.B. (2020). Forward Osmosis: A Critical Review. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040404"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101633","article-title":"Surface Modification of FO Membrane by Plasma-Grafting Polymerization to Minimize Protein Fouling","volume":"38","author":"Khongnakorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.03.029","article-title":"Zwitterionic Surface Modification of Forward Osmosis Membranes Using N-Aminoethyl Piperazine Propane Sulfonate for Grey Water Treatment","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ince, M., and Kaplan Ince, O. (2022). Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.91575"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.03.045","article-title":"Forward Osmosis for Application in Wastewater Treatment: A Review","volume":"58","author":"Lutchmiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, February 08). UF Flat-Sheet Performance Comparison by Manufacturer. Available online: https:\/\/www.sterlitech.com\/sy-mk-ultrafiltration-uf-membrane-cf042-size.html."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of Shale Oil Produced Water with Zwitterion-Modified Forward Osmosis Membrane","volume":"9","author":"Kommalapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, February 08). FTSH2O Flat Sheet Membrane. Available online: https:\/\/www.sterlitech.com\/ftsh2o-flat-sheet-membrane-cta-fo-cf042-5-pk.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, February 08). RO Flat-Sheet Performance Comparison by Manufacturer. Available online: https:\/\/www.sterlitech.com\/dow-sw30xfr-reverse-osmosis-ro-membrane-305-x-305-mm-size.html."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). Guidelines for Water Reuse, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/waterreuse\/guidelines-water-reuse."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0590247","article-title":"Ultrafiltration Treatment of Poultry Processing Wastewater and Recovery of a Nutritional By-Product","volume":"59","author":"Shih","year":"1980","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1624834","article-title":"Use of Membranes for the Treatment and Reuse of Water from the Pre-Cooling System of Chicken Carcasses","volume":"42","author":"Marchesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.999715","article-title":"Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using a Membrane Process, Water Reuse, and Economic Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Coskun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2021.115447","article-title":"Performance Enhancement of Spiral-Wound Reverse Osmosis Membrane Elements with Novel Diagonal-Flow Feed Channels","volume":"523","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezugbe, E.O., Tetteh, E.K., Rathilal, S., Asante-Sackey, D., and Amo-Duodu, G. (2021). Desalination of Municipal Wastewater Using Forward Osmosis. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11020119"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123254","article-title":"Evaluating the Performance of Inorganic Draw Solution Concentrations in an Anaerobic Forward Osmosis Membrane Bioreactor for Real Municipal Sewage Treatment","volume":"307","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.09.145","article-title":"Direct Concentration of Municipal Sewage by Forward Osmosis and Membrane Fouling Behavior","volume":"247","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.06.016","article-title":"Processing Municipal Wastewaters by Forward Osmosis Using CTA Membrane","volume":"468","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meiramkulova, K., Zorpas, A.A., Orynbekov, D., Zhumagulov, M., Saspugayeva, G., Kydyrbekova, A., Mkilima, T., and Inglezakis, V.J. (2020). The Effect of Scale on the Performance of an Integrated Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Process. Sustain., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114679"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.235","article-title":"A Review of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Control Strategies","volume":"595","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/3\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:45:26Z","timestamp":1760121926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/3\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes13030296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes13030296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}}