{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:02:06Z","timestamp":1789617726248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["22-73-10138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-73-10138"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["20-73-10234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-73-10234"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inverted perovskite solar cells with a p-i-n configuration have attracted considerable attention from the research community because of their simple design, insignificant hysteresis, improved operational stability, and low-temperature fabrication technology. However, this type of device is still lagging behind the classical n-i-p perovskite solar cells in terms of its power conversion efficiency. The performance of p-i-n perovskite solar cells can be increased using appropriate charge transport and buffer interlayers inserted between the main electron transport layer and top metal electrode. In this study, we addressed this challenge by designing a series of tin and germanium coordination complexes with redox-active ligands as promising interlayers for perovskite solar cells. The obtained compounds were characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction and\/or NMR spectroscopy, and their optical and electrochemical properties were thoroughly studied. The efficiency of perovskite solar cells was improved from a reference value of 16.4% to 18.0\u201318.6%, using optimized interlayers of the tin complexes with salicylimine (1) or 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (2) ligands, and the germanium complex with the 2,3-dihydroxyphenazine ligand (4). The IR s-SNOM mapping revealed that the best-performing interlayers form uniform and pinhole-free coatings atop the PC61BM electron-transport layer, which improves the charge extraction to the top metal electrode. The obtained results feature the potential of using tin and germanium complexes as prospective materials for improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13040439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T01:36:45Z","timestamp":1681781805000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sn and Ge Complexes with Redox-Active Ligands as Efficient Interfacial Membrane-like Buffer Layers for p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9496-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azat F.","family":"Akbulatov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Y.","family":"Akyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel G.","family":"Shangin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita A.","family":"Emelianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina V.","family":"Krylova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya O.","family":"Markova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Technology of Inorganic Substances and High Temperature Materials, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliya D.","family":"Labutskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Mumyatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egor I.","family":"Tuzharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Bunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyubov A.","family":"Frolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail P.","family":"Egorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Syroeshkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel A.","family":"Troshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900134a","article-title":"Application of Metal Coordination Chemistry to Explore and Manipulate Cell Biology","volume":"109","author":"Haas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Srivastva, A.N. (2020). 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