{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:25:32Z","timestamp":1787603132752,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addressed the fouling issue in membrane distillation (M.D.) technology, a promising method for water purification and wastewater reclamation. To enhance the anti-fouling properties of the M.D. membrane, a tin sulfide (TS) coating onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was proposed and evaluated with air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) using landfill leachate wastewater at high recovery rates (80% and 90%). The presence of TS on the membrane surface was confirmed using various techniques, such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), contact angle measurement, and porosity analysis. The results indicated the TS-PTFE membrane exhibited better anti-fouling properties than the pristine PTFE membrane, and its fouling factors (FFs) were 10.4\u201313.1% compared to 14.4\u201316.5% for the PTFE membrane. The fouling was attributed to pore blockage and cake formation of carbonous and nitrogenous compounds. The study also found that physical cleaning with deionized (DI) water effectively restored the water flux, with more than 97% recovered for the TS-PTFE membrane. Additionally, the TS-PTFE membrane showed better water flux and product quality at 55 \u00b0C and excellent stability in maintaining the contact angle over time compared to the PTFE membrane.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13050483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:12:11Z","timestamp":1682943131000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Novel Approach to Landfill Wastewater Treatment Fouling Mitigation: Air Gap Membrane Distillation with Tin Sulfide-Coated PTFE Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering (MME), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Mechanical Department at Taif Technical College, Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7460-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrar","family":"Ibrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Mirdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, 5 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raed A.","family":"Al-Juboori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYUAD Water Research Centre, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyamjeet","family":"Deka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senthilmurugan","family":"Subbiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Altaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140901","article-title":"Treatment of biologically treated landfill leachate with forward osmosis: Investigating membrane performance and cleaning protocols","volume":"744","author":"Ibrar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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