{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:10:18Z","timestamp":1785769818885,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["22-24-00764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-24-00764"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["AAAA-A19-119071890015-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAAA-A19-119071890015-6"]}]},{"name":"State Task","award":["22-24-00764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-24-00764"]}]},{"name":"State Task","award":["AAAA-A19-119071890015-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAAA-A19-119071890015-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the lack of effective therapy, determine the need for new treatment options. The present study is focused on the NO-donors drug class as effective antidiabetic agents. Since numerous biological systems are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of T2DM, the most promising approach to the development of effective drugs for the treatment of T2DM is the search for pharmacologically active compounds that are selective for a number of therapeutic targets for T2DM and its complications: oxidative stress, non-enzymatic protein glycation, polyol pathway. The nitrosyl iron complex with thiosulfate ligands was studied in this work. Binuclear iron nitrosyl complexes are synthetic analogues of [2Fe\u20132S] centers in the regulatory protein natural reservoirs of NO. Due to their ability to release NO without additional activation under physiological conditions, these compounds are of considerable interest for the development of potential drugs. The present study explores the effects of tetranitrosyl iron complex with thiosulfate ligands (TNIC-ThS) on T2DM and its complications regarding therapeutic targets in vitro, as well as its ability to bind liposomal membrane, inhibit lipid peroxidation (LPO), and non-enzymatic glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), as well as aldose reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction in glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway. Using the fluorescent probe method, it has been shown that TNIC-ThS molecules interact with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of model membranes. TNIC-ThS inhibits lipid peroxidation, exhibiting antiradical activity due to releasing NO (IC50 = 21.5 \u00b1 3.7 \u00b5M). TNIC-ThS was found to show non-competitive inhibition of aldose reductase with Ki value of 5.25 \u00d7 10\u22124 M. In addition, TNIC-ThS was shown to be an effective inhibitor of the process of non-enzymatic protein glycation in vitro (IC50 = 47.4 \u00b1 7.6 \u00b5M). Thus, TNIC-ThS may be considered to contribute significantly to the treatment of T2DM and diabetic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13070615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T02:09:17Z","timestamp":1687399757000},"page":"615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Nitrosyl Iron Complex with Thiosulfate Ligands on Therapeutically Important Targets Related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4926-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina I.","family":"Faingold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6929-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya V.","family":"Soldatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4315-9180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya A.","family":"Poletaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena N.","family":"Klimanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya A.","family":"Sanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia"},{"name":"Medicinal Chemistry Research and Education Center, Moscow Region State University, Mytishchy 142432, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation IDF (2021). Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [10th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, June 18). Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/rest\/bitstreams\/1233344\/retrieve."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00006","article-title":"Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"853","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Hadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1772","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthesis in subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"59","author":"Tessari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(99)80371-6","article-title":"The Akt kinase signals directly to endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"9","author":"Michell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0895(1998090)14:3<241::AID-DMR216>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Nitric oxide availability in diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Honing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.03.012","article-title":"A blend of two resveratrol derivatives abolishes hIAPP amyloid growth and membrane damage","volume":"1860","author":"Sciacca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.001135","article-title":"Nitric oxide: A physiologic messenger molecule","volume":"63","author":"Bredt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: Regulation and function","volume":"33","author":"Sessa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-010-0808-2","article-title":"Nitric oxide and oxidative stress in vascular disease","volume":"459","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703393","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Verbeuren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0531-9","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-products decreases expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase through oxidative stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12244","article-title":"Nitric oxide donors rescue diabetic nephropathy through oxidative-stress-and nitrosative-stress-mediated Wnt signaling pathways","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2009.06.002","article-title":"The effect of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside on glucose uptake in human primary skeletal muscle cells","volume":"21","author":"Henstridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90280-8","article-title":"L-arginine but not d-arginine stimulates insulin-mediated glucose uptake","volume":"46","author":"Paolisso","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13505","article-title":"Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01705-0","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Antidiabetes drug metformin is a donor of nitric oxide: ESR measurement of efficiency","volume":"56","author":"Serezhenkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Corcoran, C., and Jacobs, T.F. (2023, June 18). Metformin, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK518983."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11172-011-0192-x","article-title":"Structure and properties of iron nitrosyl complexes with functionalized sulfur-containing ligands","volume":"60","author":"Sanina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11173-005-0093-3","article-title":"Synthesis, Structure and Solid-Phase Transformations of Fe Nitrosyl Complex Na2[Fe2(S2O3)2(NO)4] 4H2O","volume":"31","author":"Sanina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Russ. J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2006.09.005","article-title":"Protein-bound dinitrosyl\u2013iron complexes appearing in blood of rabbit added with a low-molecular di-nitrosyl\u2013iron complex: EPR studies","volume":"16","author":"Timoshin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-009-0346-4","article-title":"Effect of nitrosyl iron\u2013sulfur complexes on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes","volume":"43","author":"Kotelnikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.073","article-title":"Iron-sulfur [2Fe\u20132S] nitrosyl complexes as new trend in synthesis of donors of nitric oxide for anti-aging therapy","volume":"112","author":"Aldoshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Vladimirov, Y.A., and Dobretsov, G.E. (1980). Fluorescent Probes in the Investigation of Biological Membranes, Nauka."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poletaeva, D.A., Soldatova, Y.V., Smolina, A.V., Savushkin, M.A., Klimanova, E.N., Sanina, N.A., and Faingold, I.I. (2022). The Influence of Cationic Nitrosyl Iron Complex with Penicillamine Ligands on Model Membranes, Membrane-Bound Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12111088"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995078012030135","article-title":"Estimation of Membrane Activity of WaterSoluble Polysubstituted Fullerene Derivatives by Luminescence Methods","volume":"7","author":"Poletaeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/13813459508996132","article-title":"Enhanced Luminescence Study of Liver Homogenate Response to Oxidative Stress","volume":"103","author":"Venditti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.05.059","article-title":"Aldose reductase inhibition of a saponin-rich fraction and new furostanol saponin derivatives from Balanites aegyptiaca","volume":"22","author":"Motaal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01318a036","article-title":"The Determination of Enzyme Dissociation Constants","volume":"56","author":"Lineweaver","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2322","article-title":"Relationship between Antioxidant and Antiglycation Ability of Saponins, Polyphenols, and Polysaccharides in Chinese Herbal Medicines Used to Treat Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14320","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181114320","article-title":"Tuning a 96-Well Microtiter Plate Fluorescence-Based Assay to Identify AGE Inhibitors in Crude Plant Extracts","volume":"18","author":"Sanguinet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.48.520","article-title":"Screening System for the Maillard Reaction Inhibitor from Natural Product Extracts","volume":"48","author":"Matsuura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Mironov, A.N., Bunyatyan, N.D., Vasiliev, A.N., Verstakova, O.L., Zhuravleva, M.V., Lepakhin, V.K., Korobov, N.V., Merkulov, V.A., Orekhov, S.N., and Sakaeva, I.V. (2012). Rukovodstvo Po Provedeniyu Doklinicheskikh Issledovaniy Lekarstvennykh Sredstv. (Guidelines for Conducting Preclinical Studies of Drugs, Part 1), Grif & K.. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1021\/mp9000662","article-title":"Biophysical interactions with model lipid membranes: Applications in drug discovery and drug delivery","volume":"6","author":"Peetla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680410001716835","article-title":"The hypotensive drug 2-hydroxyoleic acid modifies the structural properties of model membranes","volume":"21","author":"Prades","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.09.005","article-title":"Comparison of paclitaxel penetration in normal and cancerous cervical model monolayer membranes","volume":"53","author":"Preetha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luchini, A., and Vitiello, G. (2020). Mimicking the Mammalian Plasma Membrane: An Overview of Lipid Membrane Models for Biophysical Studies. Biomimetics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics6010003"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(74)90336-8","article-title":"Lateral diffusion in the hydrophobic region of membranes: Use of pyrene excimers as optical probes","volume":"339","author":"Galla","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1160721","article-title":"Membrane studies with polarity-dependent and excimer-forming fluorescent probes","volume":"116","author":"Brocklehurst","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(98)00126-6","article-title":"The location of fluorescence probes with charged groups in model membranes","volume":"1374","author":"Kachel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"152","article-title":"Investigation of the microstructure of biological systems by triplet label","volume":"1","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2021.10.002","article-title":"Effects of albumin-bound nitrosyl iron complex with thiosulfate ligands on lipid peroxidation and activities of mitochondrial enzymes in vitro","volume":"117","author":"Faingold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic complications","volume":"107","author":"Giacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045037","article-title":"Oxidative Stress","volume":"86","author":"Sies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"45","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: Examining the links","volume":"11","author":"Oguntibeju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.1458","article-title":"Impact of mitochondrial ROS production in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"9","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.132159","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 1 plays a key role in diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis","volume":"127","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-009-0112-5","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities of Mulberry Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Chronic Diabetic Rats","volume":"64","author":"Naowaboot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73234-9_32","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects of Trehalose in an Experimental Model of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"1328","author":"Radbakhsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12816\/0003082","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications","volume":"12","author":"Matough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000006","article-title":"Herbal medicine in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26097","article-title":"Mechanism of Generation of Oxidative Stress and Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: How Are They Interlinked?","volume":"118","author":"Rehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1999.14.2.49","article-title":"The Dual Role of Nitric Oxide in Islet \u03b2-Cells","volume":"14","author":"Spinas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0039","article-title":"Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: A unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.456","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Tangvarasittichai","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.1.1","article-title":"Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction?","volume":"52","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"97","article-title":"The evaluation of serum cystatin C, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant status in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Demircan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.12.003","article-title":"Oxidative stress, glutathione status, sirtuin and cellular stress response in type 2 diabetes","volume":"1822","author":"Calabrese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1134\/S1607672919050120","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Tetranitrosyl Iron Complex with Thiosulfate Ligands and Its Effect on Catalytic Activityof Mitochondrial Enzymes In vitro","volume":"488","author":"Faingold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dokl. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M., Petroianu, G., and Adem, A. (2022). Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040542"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1817","article-title":"Clinical review: The role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes","volume":"93","author":"Goh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276162","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3276162","article-title":"Evaluation of Aldose Reductase, Protein Glycation, and Antioxidant Inhibitory Activities of Bioactive Flavonoids in Matricaria recutita L. and Their Structure-Activity Relationship","volume":"2018","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., Go\u0142\u0105b, K., Gburek, J., Wysoki\u0144ska, H., and Matkowski, A. (2016). Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Product Formation and Antioxidant Activity by Extracts and Polyphenols from Scutellaria alpina L. and S. altissima L. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21060739"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.01.001","article-title":"Strong inhibition of the polyol pathway diverts glucose flux to protein glycation leading to rapid establishment of secondary complications in diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Jagdale","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.01.016","article-title":"Inhibition of glucose- and fructose-mediated protein glycation by infusions and ethanolic extracts of ten culinary herbs and spices","volume":"6","author":"Ramkissoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, H.S., Tan, W.R., Low, Z.S., Marvalim, C., Lee, J.Y.H., and Tan, N.S. (2019). Exploration and Development of PPAR Modulators in Health and Disease: An Update of Clinical Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205055"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.18097\/pbmc20105602168","article-title":"Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins: From diabetes to cancer","volume":"56","author":"Ansari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Khim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5010194","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Nowotny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137919","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/137919","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic hyperglycemia: From reductive stress to oxidative stress","volume":"2014","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"54","article-title":"Antioxidant, antiglycation and insulinotrophic properties of Coccinia grandis (L.) in vitro: Possible role in prevention of diabetic complications","volume":"2","author":"Meenatchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp134","article-title":"Effects of nitric oxide and antioxidants on advanced glycation end products-induced hypertrophic growth in human renal tubular cells","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2000.00340.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products","volume":"58","author":"Asahi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01343-5","article-title":"Aldose Reductase: A cause and a potential target for the treatment of diabetic complications","volume":"44","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2009.07.005","article-title":"Aldose reductase inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A review","volume":"24","author":"Schemmel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.1.23","article-title":"Contributions of polyol pathway to oxidative stress in diabetic cataract","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.864","article-title":"Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat prevents retinal oxidative stress and vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"52","author":"Obrosova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.034","article-title":"Aldose reductase inhibition counteracts nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic rat kidney and high-glucose-exposed human mesangial cells","volume":"40","author":"Drel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0138","article-title":"A selective aldose reductase inhibitor of a new structural class prevents or reverses early retinal abnormalities in experimental diabetic retinopathy","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2016.1178638","article-title":"Pyridothiadiazine derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors having antioxidant activity","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.01.006","article-title":"Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of phenolic hydroxyl derivatives based on quinoxalinone as aldose reductase inhibitors with antioxidant activity","volume":"27","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115699","article-title":"Dihydrobenzoxazinone derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors with antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2019.1643336","article-title":"Novel 2-phenoxypyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-one derivatives as potent and selective aldose reductase inhibitors with antioxidant activity","volume":"34","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maradesha, T., Patil, S.M., Al-Mutairi, K.A., Ramu, R., Madhunapantula, S.V., and Alqadi, T. (2022). Inhibitory Effect of Polyphenols from the Whole Green Jackfruit Flour against \u03b1-Glucosidase, \u03b1-Amylase, Aldose Reductase and Glycation at Multiple Stages and Their Interaction: Inhibition Kinetics and Molecular Simulations. Molecules, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061888"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2009.01.020","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of botryllazine B analogues as a new class of inhibitor against human aldose reductase","volume":"65","author":"Saito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(02)00214-4","article-title":"Regulation of aldose reductase and the polyol pathway activity by nitric oxide","volume":"143\u2013144","author":"Srivastava","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/7\/615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:57:47Z","timestamp":1760126267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/7\/615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes13070615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes13070615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]}}}