{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1771470403608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation funding","award":["820770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820770"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing consumption rates of plastics, combined with the waste generated from their production, leads to several environmental problems. Presently, plastic recycling takes account of only about 10% of the plastic waste, which is achieved mainly through mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling methods, such as pyrolysis, could significantly increase overall recycling rates and reduce the need for the production of fossil-based chemicals. Produced pyrolysis oil can be used for the production of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) through catalytic upgrading or for the production of alkanes if used directly. Separation of high-value components in pyrolysis oil derived from plastic waste through traditional separation methods can be energy intensive. Organic solvent nanofiltration has been recognised as an alternative with very low energy consumption, as separation is not based on a phase transition. This work focuses on the screening of several (semi-) commercially available membranes using a simplified model mixture of pyrolysis oil obtained from plastics. Based on membrane performance, a selection of membranes was used to treat a feedstock obtained from the direct pyrolysis of plastics. This work shows that currently, commercial OSN membranes have promising separation performance on model mixtures while showing insufficient and non-selective separation at very low flux for complex mixtures derived from the pyrolysis of plastics. This indicates that OSN is indeed a promising technology but that membranes should likely be tailored to this specific application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13090792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:41:12Z","timestamp":1694554872000},"page":"792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Screening of Commercial Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes for Purification of Plastic Waste Pyrolysis Liquids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rick","family":"van Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMI Twente B.V., Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina A.","family":"Sosa Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tymen","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMI Twente B.V., Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wilts, C., and Bakas, I. (2019). Preventing Plastic Waste in Europe, European Environmental Agency. Technical Report 02."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.063","article-title":"Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: A review","volume":"50","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352","article-title":"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean","volume":"347","author":"Jambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151160","article-title":"Plastic waste management: A road map to achieve circular economy and recent innovations in pyrolysis","volume":"809","author":"Sakthipriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2020.104804","article-title":"Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"152","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguado Alonso, J., and Serrano, D.P. (1999). Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes, Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847550804"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2009.01.003","article-title":"Pyrolysis of mixed plastics for the recovery of useful products","volume":"90","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1021\/cs3003403","article-title":"Developing advanced catalysts for the conversion of polyolefinic waste plastics into fuels and chemicals","volume":"2","author":"Serrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.10.071","article-title":"Distillation of Pyrolytic Oil Obtained from Fast Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes","volume":"138","author":"Wiriyaumpaiwong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125406","article-title":"Fractionation and extraction of bio-oil for production of greener fuel and value-added chemicals: Recent advances and future prospects","volume":"397","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC00701H","article-title":"Sustainability assessment of organic solvent nanofiltration: From fabrication to application","volume":"16","author":"Szekely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc35216h","article-title":"Organic solvent nanofiltration: A potential alternative to distillation for solvent recovery from crystallisation mother liquors","volume":"14","author":"Rundquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.201500084","article-title":"Recent Applications of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration","volume":"88","author":"Priske","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2012.10.028","article-title":"Molecular separation with an organic solvent nanofiltration cascade - augmenting membrane selectivity with process engineering","volume":"90","author":"Siew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2008v077n11ABEH003795","article-title":"Organic solvent nanofiltration: Prospects and application","volume":"77","author":"Volkov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.202100032","article-title":"Comparing the Performance of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes in Non-Polar Solvents","volume":"93","author":"Merlet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.12.053","article-title":"In search of a standard method for the characterisation of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes","volume":"291","author":"Toh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.03.029","article-title":"Characterisation of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration membranes in multi-component mixtures: Process design workflow for utilising targeted solvent modifications","volume":"115","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117840","article-title":"Determining stability of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes by cross-flow aging","volume":"256","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.10.030","article-title":"Predictive membrane transport models for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration: How complex do we need to be?","volume":"476","author":"Marchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, R.W.R.W. (2012). Membrane Technology and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118359686"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.03.004","article-title":"Effect of concentration polarisation and osmotic pressure on flux in organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"236","author":"Peeva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/9\/792\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:39Z","timestamp":1760129379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/13\/9\/792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes13090792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes13090792","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}