{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:38:23Z","timestamp":1789767503265,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SNUP.A130.22.003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNUP.A130.22.003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, lipid-based nano-structures, which are released by Gram-negative bacteria in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The size and composition of OMVs depend on not only the producer bacterial species but also cells belonging to the same strain. The mechanism of vesicles\u2019 biogenesis has a key role in determining their cargo and the pattern of macromolecules exposed on their surface. Thus, the content of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules defines the properties of OMVs and their beneficial or harmful effects on human health. Many studies have provided evidence that OMVs can be involved in a plethora of biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication and bacteria\u2013host interactions. Moreover, there is a growing body of literature supporting their role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). During this process, OMVs can facilitate the spreading of genes involved in metabolic pathways, virulence, and antibiotic resistance, guaranteeing bacterial proliferation and survival. For this reason, a deeper understanding of this new mechanism of genetic transfer could improve the development of more efficient strategies to counteract infections sustained by Gram-negative bacteria. In line with this, the main aim of this mini-review is to summarize the latest evidence concerning the involvement of OMVs in HGT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13110860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:50:18Z","timestamp":1698407418000},"page":"860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Latest Update on Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Role in Horizontal Gene Transfer: A Mini-Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Marinacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3117-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Krzy\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Turacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology \u201cGaetano Salvatore\u201d (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8432-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.03.012","article-title":"Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: Understanding Biology Promotes Applications as Nanopharmaceuticals","volume":"173","author":"Jahromi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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