{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:19:04Z","timestamp":1793387944252,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the use of biogas as a natural gas substitute has gained great attention. Typically, in addition to methane (CH4), biogas contains carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as small amounts of impurities, e.g., hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). One of the latest trends in biogas purification is the application of membrane processes. However, literature reports are ambiguous regarding the specific requirement for biogas pretreatment prior to its upgrading using membranes. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to comprehensively examine and discuss the most recent achievements in the use of single-membrane separation units for biogas upgrading. Performing a literature review allowed to indicate that, in recent years, considerable progress has been made on the use of polymeric membranes for this purpose. For instance, it has been documented that the application of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes with a swollen polyamide (PA) layer ensures the successful upgrading of raw biogas and eliminates the need for its pretreatment. The importance of the performed literature review is the inference drawn that biogas enrichment performed in a single step allows to obtain upgraded biogas that could be employed for household uses. Nevertheless, this solution may not be sufficient for obtaining high-purity gas at high recovery efficiency. Hence, in order to obtain biogas that could be used for applications designed for natural gas, a membrane cascade may be required. Moreover, it has been documented that a significant number of experimental studies have been focused on the upgrading of synthetic biogas; meanwhile, the data on the raw biogas are very limited. In addition, it has been noted that, although ceramic membranes demonstrate several advantages, experimental studies on their applications in single-membrane systems have been neglected. Summarizing the literature data, it can be concluded that, in order to thoroughly evaluate the presented issue, the long-term experimental studies on the upgrading of raw biogas with the use of polymeric and ceramic membranes in pilot-scale systems are required. The presented literature review has practical implications as it would be beneficial in supporting the development of membrane processes used for biogas upgrading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes14040080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:14:09Z","timestamp":1711548849000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Biogas Upgrading Using a Single-Membrane System: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wirginia","family":"Tomczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, ul. Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2714-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Gryta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Pu\u0142askiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Daniluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, ul. Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"\u017bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, ul. 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