{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:28:04Z","timestamp":1784003284685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) at the National University of Singapore","award":["CHI-P2024-05-S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHI-P2024-05-S1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"Centre for Hydrogen Innovation, at the National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHI-P2024-05-S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHI-P2024-05-S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The large-scale implementation of 2D material-based membranes is hindered by mechanical stability and mass transport control challenges. This work describes the fabrication, characterisation, and testing of self-standing graphene oxide (GO) membranes cross-linked with oxides such as Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaSO4, Nb2O5, and a carbide, SiC. These cross-linking agents enhance the mechanical stability of the membranes and modulate their mass transport properties. The membranes were prepared by casting aqueous suspensions of GO and SiC or oxide powders onto substrates, followed by drying and detachment to yield self-standing films. This method enabled precise control over membrane thickness and the formation of laminated microstructures with interlayer spacings ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 nm. The resulting self-standing membranes, with areas between 0.002 m2 and 0.090 m2 and thicknesses from 0.6 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm, exhibit excellent flexibility and retain their chemical and physical integrity during prolonged testing in direct contact with ethanol\/water and methanol\/water mixtures in both liquid and vapour phases, with stability demonstrated over 24 h and up to three months. Gas permeation and chemical characterisation tests evidence their suitability for gas separation applications. The interactions promoted by the oxides and carbide with the functional groups of GO confer great stability and unique mass transport properties\u2014the Nb2O5 cross-linked membranes present distinct performance characteristics\u2014creating the potential for scalable advancements in cross-linked 2D material membranes for separation technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes15010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1736920782000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-Linked Self-Standing Graphene Oxide Membranes: A Pathway to Scalable Applications in Separation Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A. G.","family":"Carrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Hydrogen Innovations, National University of Singapore, E8, 1 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117580, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vssl Prasad","family":"Talluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swamy T.","family":"Toolahalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4175-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio G.","family":"Echeverrigaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Hydrogen Innovations, National University of Singapore, E8, 1 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117580, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio H.","family":"Castro Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Hydrogen Innovations, National University of Singapore, E8, 1 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117580, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(99)00255-0","article-title":"Ethanol production by continuous fermentation\u2013pervaporation: A preliminary economic analysis","volume":"166","author":"Roth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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