{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:27:17Z","timestamp":1781144837375,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alexei Pervov and Dmitry Spitsov"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes the results of research to develop a new technology to treat storm and drainage water generated on a territory of industrial enterprises and reuse it as a feed water for boiler feed and steam generation. To develop such a system, it is necessary to resolve issues related to pretreatment, scaling, and fouling, as well as to provide a minimal discharge in the company\u2019s sanitation network. Principles of the new approach to reach high calcium removal are based on the use of two or three stages of low-pressure nanofiltration membranes instead of the conventional facilities that contain one stage of reverse osmosis membranes. High permeability, low pressure, high recovery, and reduced reagent consumption provide an economic effect. The technology uses low-rejection membranes \u201cnano NF\u201d developed and produced by \u201cMembranium Co.\u201d (Vladimir, Russia). In the article, the results of investigations on the evaluation of scaling rates in membrane modules and rates of homogeneous crystallization in concentrate flow are presented. Processing these results enables us to detect recovery values when scaling begins on the membrane surface as well as to determine the maximum recovery value for the beginning of homogenous nucleation in the concentrate flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes15040096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1743073260000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Use of Low-Rejection Nanofiltration Membranes as a Tool to Simplify Pretreatment, Escape Scaling and Radically Increase Recoveries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexei G.","family":"Pervov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Supply, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26, Yaroslaskoye Highway, 129337 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Spitsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Supply, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26, Yaroslaskoye Highway, 129337 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kulagina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Supply, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26, Yaroslaskoye Highway, 129337 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Htet Zaw","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Supply, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26, Yaroslaskoye Highway, 129337 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pervov, A. 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Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.6000\/1929-6037.2014.03.01.6","article-title":"Modernization of Conventinal Spiral Wound Channel\u2014A Tol to Escape Fouling, Expand Membrane Life and Increase Recovery","volume":"3","author":"Pervov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sep. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoyama, F., Nakajima, M., and Ichikawa, S. (2022). Analysis of Calcium Sulphate Scaling Phenomena on Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Scaling-Based Flux Model. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12090894"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113830","article-title":"Stormwater treatment for reuse: Current practice and future development\u2014A review","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.02.024","article-title":"Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in Reverse osmosis Retentate flow by means of Seeded Techniques\u2014A Tool to Increase Recovery","volume":"368","author":"Pervov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenvironau.1c00013","article-title":"Enabling Water Reuse by Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate: The Promise of Constructed Wetlands","volume":"1","author":"Scholes","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Environ. Au"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanciolo, P., Sharma, A.K., Navaratna, D., and Muthukumaran, S. (2023). Stormwater Treatment Using Natural and Engineered Options in an Urban Growth Area: A Case Study in the West of Melbourne. 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