{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:30Z","timestamp":1787028930306,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52203001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52203001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["062209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062209"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23YFGA0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFGA0065"]}]},{"name":"Hongliu Excellent Young Talent Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology","award":["52203001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52203001"]}]},{"name":"Hongliu Excellent Young Talent Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology","award":["062209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062209"]}]},{"name":"Hongliu Excellent Young Talent Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology","award":["23YFGA0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFGA0065"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["52203001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52203001"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["062209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062209"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["23YFGA0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YFGA0065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is a promising technology for solute removal from organic media, yet developing membranes with stable separation performance remains challenging. This study presents a solvent-resistant double-crosslinked nanofiltration membrane fabricated via a two-step strategy: preparation of the membrane by the polyion complexion reaction-assisted non-solvent-induced phase inversion (PIC-assisted NIPS) method and then post-crosslinking with hydrothermal treatment followed by quaternization with 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (TBB). To enhance solvent stability, molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) nanosheets were incorporated into a hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (H-PAN) substrate. The H-PAN\/MoS2\/PEI base membrane was fabricated by PIC-assisted NIPS with a polyethylenimine (PEI) aqueous solution as the coagulation bath. The membrane subsequently underwent dual crosslinking comprising hydrothermal treatment and 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (TBB)-mediated quaternization crosslinking, ultimately yielding the H-PAN\/MoS2\/PEI (Ther.+TBB QCL) composite membrane. These crosslinking procedures reduced the membrane\u2019s separation skin layer thickness from 64 nm (uncrosslinked) to 41 nm. The resultant membrane effectively separated dyes from ethanol, achieving a rejection rate of 97.0 \u00b1 0.9% for anionic dyes (e.g., Congo Red) and a permeance flux of 23.6 \u00b1 0.2 L\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7h\u22121\u00b7bar\u22121 at 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, after 30 days of immersion in ethanol at 25 \u00b0C, its flux decay rate was markedly lower than that of a non-crosslinked control membrane. The enhanced separation performance and stability are attributed to the thermal crosslinking promoting amide bond formation and the TBB crosslinking introducing quaternary ammonium groups. This double-crosslinking strategy offers a promising approach for preparing high-performance OSN membranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes15100286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:48:37Z","timestamp":1758635317000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Double-Crosslinked H-PAN\/MoS2\/PEI Composite Nanofiltration Membrane for Ethanol Systems: Fabrication and Dye Separation Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non-Ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non-Ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non-Ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non-Ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaona","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non-Ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non-Ferrous Metal Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(02)00115-1","article-title":"Transport properties of a polyimide solvent resistant nanofiltration membrane","volume":"205","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9136","DOI":"10.1021\/ie060450l","article-title":"Aromatics Enrichment in Refinery Streams Using Hyperfiltration","volume":"45","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1021\/sc5004083","article-title":"In Situ Solvent Recovery by Organic Solvent Nanofiltration","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.08.051","article-title":"Crosslinked PVDF-membranes for solvent resistant nanofiltration","volume":"566","author":"Mertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.04.069","article-title":"NF in organic solvent\/water mixtures: Role of preferential solvation","volume":"444","author":"Marchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.10.045","article-title":"Crosslinked integrally skinned asymmetric polyaniline membranes for use in organic solvents","volume":"326","author":"Loh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.04.046","article-title":"Roll-to-roll dip coating of three different PIMs for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration","volume":"558","author":"Cook","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.10.030","article-title":"Predictive membrane transport models for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration: How complex do we need to be?","volume":"476","author":"Marchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139333","article-title":"Robust polyamide-PTFE hollow fibre membranes for harsh organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"452","author":"Francis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b00871","article-title":"Realizing Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Selective Layer with Strong Solvent Resistance in Nanofiltration toward Sustainable Reclamation","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.09.029","article-title":"A novel monoamine modification strategy toward high-performance organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membrane for sustainable molecular separations","volume":"497","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.120977","article-title":"Anti-fouling membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) and organic solvent ultrafiltration (OSU): Graft modified polybenzimidazole (PBI)","volume":"662","author":"Oxley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2017.05.009","article-title":"Polymer-based membranes for solvent-resistant nanofiltration: A review","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.11.001","article-title":"Crosslinking polyimides for membrane applications: A review","volume":"38","author":"Vanherck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.12.067","article-title":"Nanoporous asymmetric polyaniline films for filtration of organic solvents","volume":"330","author":"Sairam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.11.039","article-title":"Spiral-wound polyaniline membrane modules for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN)","volume":"349","author":"Sairam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2024.119731","article-title":"Effects of polyacrylonitrile carboxylation on pore structure and performance of thermally crosslinked organic solvent nanofiltration membrane","volume":"287","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm7686","article-title":"Polytriazole membranes with ultrathin tunable selective layer for crude oil fractionation","volume":"376","author":"Chisca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.120013","article-title":"Controllable thermal annealing of polyimide membranes for highly-precise organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"643","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.05.008","article-title":"Engineering substructure morphology of asymmetric carbon molecular sieve hollow fiber membranes","volume":"76","author":"Bhuwania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16051","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b02386","article-title":"Composite Carbon Molecular Sieve Hollow Fiber Membranes: Resisting Support Densification via Silica Particle Stabilization","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1343","article-title":"Reverse osmosis molecular differentiation of organic liquids using carbon molecular sieve membranes","volume":"353","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8147","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00986","article-title":"High-flux graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane intercalated by carbon nanotubes","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3979","article-title":"Ultrafast viscous water flow through nanostrand-channelled graphene oxide membranes","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202311338","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202311138","article-title":"MXene-based membranes for drinking water production","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906697","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201906697","article-title":"MXene materials for designing advanced separation membranes","volume":"32","author":"Karahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2025.124151","article-title":"Engineering multi-channel water transport in surface-porous MXene nanosheets for high-performance thin-film nanocomposite membranes","volume":"728","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advmem.2021.100007","article-title":"Robust braid reinforced hollow fiber membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN)","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Membr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2024.122985","article-title":"Covalently modified MoS2 for the fabrication of interlayered thin film composite membranes with excellent structural stability against swelling and drying in organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"707","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.121623","article-title":"Molecular simulation study of 2D MXene membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"677","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126328","article-title":"SWCNTs-channeled MOF nanosheet membrane for high-efficient organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"338","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"4536","article-title":"Covalent organic frameworks for membrane separation","volume":"48","author":"Kandambeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2617","article-title":"Two-dimensional covalent organic framework membranes for liquid molecular separation","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9703","DOI":"10.1021\/nn203879f","article-title":"Stretching and Breaking of Ultrathin MoS2","volume":"5","author":"Bertolazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11082","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05124","article-title":"Desalination and Nanofiltration through Functionalized Laminar MoS2 Membranes","volume":"11","author":"Hirunpinyopas","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.121868","article-title":"Screening of high-efficiency crosslinking agents for poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and performance of its nanofiltration membranes","volume":"682","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.11.020","article-title":"H2\/CO2 separation enhancement via chemical modification of polybenzimidazole nanostructure","volume":"572","author":"Naderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2025.124339","article-title":"Facile fabrication of high-performance membrane with 2D GO nanosheet in membrane skin by PIC-assisted NIPS method for dye\/salt separation","volume":"733","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23379","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07106","article-title":"One-Step Transformation from Hierarchical-Structured Superhydrophilic NF Membrane into Superhydrophobic OSN Membrane with Improved Antifouling Effect","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48695","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c11076","article-title":"Positively Charged Polyamine Nanofiltration Membrane for Precise Ion\u2013Ion Separation","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125416","article-title":"Electrospun PTFE nanofibrous composite membranes featuring a fiber network structure for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN)","volume":"330","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400490","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202400490","article-title":"Enhanced Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes with Double Permeance via Laser-Induced Graphitization of Polybenzimidazole","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2021.100530","article-title":"Fabrication of molecularly porous hyper-cross-linked thin film composite nanofiltration membrane using cyclic amine and linear cross-linker for highly selective organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"45","author":"Abdul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.122035","article-title":"High permeance nanofiltration membrane for harsh organic solvent based on spiral-ring polyesters","volume":"687","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.122281","article-title":"Interfacial polymerization using biobased solvents and their application as desalination and organic solvent nanofiltration membranes","volume":"692","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.05.027","article-title":"Ultrathin organic solvent nanofiltration membrane with polydopamine-HKUST-1 interlayer for organic solvent separation","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18718","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c04492","article-title":"Using Cu-TCPP Nanosheets as Interlayers for High-Performance Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.06.021","article-title":"Cross-linked mixed matrix membranes consisting of carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and P84 polyimide for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN)","volume":"186","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/15\/10\/286\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:47:49Z","timestamp":1760035669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/15\/10\/286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes15100286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes15100286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]}}}