{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:09:02Z","timestamp":1785431342370,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51673011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51673011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51673011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51673011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyamide thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes were fabricated through interfacial polymerization (IP), wherein trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and isomeric diamine monomers including o-phenylenediamine (OPD), m-phenylenediamine (MPD), p-phenylenediamine (PPD), and methyl-substituted monomers such as 2,3-diaminotoluene (MOPD), 2,4-diaminotoluene (MMPD), 2,5-diaminotoluene (MPPD), and 2,6-diaminotoluene (2,6-MMPD) were employed. The membranes with high permeation flux and rejection ratio were eventually applied in the desalination of brackish water. The regional effects of the amino and methyl substituent on the desalination performance of the RO membranes in terms of permeation flux and rejection ratio were investigated extensively. A molecular dynamics simulation based on the configuration of monomers was performed to theoretically explore the effects of amino and methyl groups of the monomer on the packing density of the aromatic molecular structure and, consequently, on the desalination performance of the corresponding RO membranes. The RO membranes with integrated monomers exhibited two times higher permeation flux than that of a pristine RO membrane while remaining the high rejection ratio. Moreover, a long-term desalination performance of the RO membrane was also demonstrated, where two times higher permeation flux than that of conventional and commercial RO membranes was achieved, while the rejection ratio was maintained at 97.6% which was comparable with that of the commercial RO membranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16050163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1777618201000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Desalination Performance of Polyamide Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes Based on Integrated Diamine Monomers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8964-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam","family":"Venkateswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin S.","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06599","article-title":"Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades","volume":"452","author":"Shannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200488","article-title":"The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment","volume":"333","author":"Elimelech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2025.127577","article-title":"Experimental study on low-salinity brine separation characteristics of reverse osmosis membrane elements","volume":"279","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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