{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:26:32Z","timestamp":1787199992247,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003416","name":"German Jordanian University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SNREM 03\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNREM 03\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["SNREM 03\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNREM 03\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jgpyd84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide a membrane-based bioelectrochemical route for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation. This study investigates the effect of aeration and mixing on the performance of dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (DCMFCs) operated outdoors using sugar-mix substrates. Five DCMFC configurations were evaluated over 40 days, including baseline operation and individual or combined aeration and mixing strategies. Voltage and current were recorded every 15 min, while solar insolation and ambient temperature were monitored to assess environmental effects. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured to evaluate wastewater treatment performance. The configuration with continuous aeration and mixing achieved the best performance, reaching a maximum voltage of 563.2 mV and a peak power output of 250.58 \u00b5W. Compared with baseline Cell 1, Cell 5 showed a 72.5% higher Week 6 maximum power density. The final COD concentration in Cell 5 was 12.4% lower than that measured in baseline Cell 1; this represents an endpoint difference rather than a reactor-specific COD removal efficiency. Exploratory correlation analysis showed configuration-dependent associations between electrical output and ambient conditions but did not identify a consistent positive relationship between solar insolation and power generation. These results demonstrate that combined aeration and mixing can improve DCMFC performance under realistic outdoor conditions and support the development of scalable, low-resource systems for decentralized bioenergy generation and wastewater treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16080275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1787040521000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mixing and Aeration Effects in Outdoor Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells with Agarose Salt Bridges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3684-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad K.","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Energy Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"},{"name":"Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Alnajjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Energy Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Alkhalidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable & Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Mechanical and Maintenance Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Statista (2026, June 16). 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