{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:32:58Z","timestamp":1790785978719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyetherimide (PEI) ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated for bovine serum albumin (BSA) separation using nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) and vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS). In the NIPS approach, membranes containing varying amounts of Pluronic P-123, with or without graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), were prepared. Pluronic P-123 acted as a pore-forming agent, while GNPs enhanced permeability without compromising rejection. The membrane with 1 wt.% Pluronic P-123 achieved a pure water flux (PWF) of 355 LMH and 90% BSA rejection. Incorporating 1 wt.% GNPs further improved performance to 747 LMH and 98% rejection. VIPS membranes were fabricated using the same composition as N10, containing 17 wt.% PEI and 1 wt.% Pluronic P-123 without GNPs, to isolate the effect of the fabrication pathway. Increasing vapor exposure time reduced PWF but generally improved BSA rejection, whereas higher RH increased PWF while decreasing rejection. The composition-matched NIPS membrane, N10, exhibited a PWF of 355 LMH and approximately 91% BSA rejection. In comparison, the highest PWF and BSA rejection among the VIPS membranes were 91 LMH and 76.5%, respectively, and the selected balanced VIPS condition at 30 min and 65% RH yielded approximately 49 LMH and 55% rejection. The higher performance of N11, which achieved 747 LMH and 98% rejection, is attributed to GNP incorporation within the NIPS series and was not used to isolate the fabrication-pathway effect. Overall, the composition-matched comparison demonstrates that NIPS produced a more favorable morphology and BSA separation performance than VIPS under the investigated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16090288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:24:03Z","timestamp":1788150243000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tailoring Polyetherimide Ultrafiltration Membranes via Non-Solvent- and Vapor-Induced Phase Separation: Effects of Fabrication Pathway and Membrane Formulation on Morphology and Bovine Serum Albumin Separation Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hosein","family":"Moghadasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Salavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Majdoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Ostaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9810-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, OK 74017, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-2786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasan","family":"Nouranian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16018","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.18","article-title":"Materials for Next-Generation Desalination and Water Purification Membranes","volume":"1","author":"Werber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121867","article-title":"A Review of Emerging Trends in Membrane Science and Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment","volume":"266","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.075","article-title":"Sustainability Considerations in Membrane-Based Technologies for Industrial Effluents Treatment","volume":"368","author":"Kamali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obotey Ezugbe, E., and Rathilal, S. (2020). Membrane Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Membranes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10050089"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charcosset, C. (2022). Classical and Recent Developments of Membrane Processes for Desalination and Natural Water Treatment. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12030267"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-024-02226-y","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Membrane-Based Water Filtration Techniques","volume":"14","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.119171","article-title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Membrane Technology for Typical Water Treatment Processes: A Critical Review","volume":"614","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-020-1992-z","article-title":"CO2 Capture Using Membrane Contactors: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Hafeez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.11.062","article-title":"Gravity-Driven Membrane Filtration for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review","volume":"149","author":"Pronk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.044","article-title":"Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern by Membranes in Water and Wastewater: A Review","volume":"335","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.02.003","article-title":"Enabling Graphene-Oxide-Based Membranes for Large-Scale Energy Storage by Controlling Hydrophilic Microstructures","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.09.006","article-title":"Performance Mapping of Cation Exchange Membranes for Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Batteries for Energy Storage","volume":"566","author":"Hugo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2018.07.010","article-title":"Recent Advances in Polymeric Membranes for CO2 Capture","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pishbin, R., Moghadasin, M.H., Mohammadi, T., and Tofighy, M.A. (2023). Gravity-Driven Membrane Separation for Water Treatment. Green Membrane Technologies Towards Environmental Sustainability, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95165-4.00020-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-025-04702-8","article-title":"Phase Inversion Strategies in Membrane Technology: Mechanisms, Methods, and Applications","volume":"33","author":"Abdelrady","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119765","article-title":"Regulating the Interfacial Polymerization Process Toward High-Performance Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membranes: A Review","volume":"640","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.117285","article-title":"Progress and Prospects of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Filtration: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"574","author":"Mobarak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100569","article-title":"Advancements in Ceramic Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Exploration of Current Utilizations and Prospective Horizons","volume":"319","author":"Akash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayvani Fard, A., McKay, G., Buekenhoudt, A., Al Sulaiti, H., Motmans, F., Khraisheh, M., and Atieh, M. (2018). Inorganic Membranes: Preparation and Application for Water Treatment and Desalination. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010074"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-00923-5","article-title":"Recent Developments of Nano-Enhanced Composite Membranes Designed for Water\/Wastewater Purification\u2014A Review","volume":"7","author":"Vo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101928r","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Membranes Formed by Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation: A Review","volume":"50","author":"Guillen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2013.04.003","article-title":"Recent Advances in Preparation and Morphology Control of Polymeric Membranes Formed by Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42130","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42130","article-title":"Understanding and Guiding the Phase Inversion Process for Synthesis of Solvent Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes","volume":"132","author":"Vankelecom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(98)00359-7","article-title":"Membrane Formation by Water Vapor Induced Phase Inversion","volume":"156","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117601","article-title":"Investigating the Potential of Membranes Formed by the Vapor Induced Phase Separation Process","volume":"597","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouyer, D. (2024). Polymeric Membranes Prepared by Vapor-Induced Phase Separation Process (VIPS). Polymeric Membrane Formation by Phase Inversion, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95628-4.00007-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119810","article-title":"A Review on Models and Simulations of Membrane Formation Via Phase Inversion Processes","volume":"640","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-024-02199-y","article-title":"Preparation and Modification of PVDF Membrane Via VIPS Method for Membrane Distillation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2020.04.028","article-title":"Preparation and Optimization of Antifouling PPSU\/PES\/SiO2 Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membranes by VIPS-NIPS Technique","volume":"88","author":"Dehban","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, T., Russo, F., and Figoli, A. (2018). The Formation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes with Tailored Properties via Vapour\/Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation. Membranes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8030071"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.11.016","article-title":"A Top Surface Liquid Layer During Membrane Formation Using Vapor-Induced Phase Separation (VIPS)\u2014Evidence and Mechanism of Formation","volume":"310","author":"Menut","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, L., Singh, S., Horechyy, A., Fery, A., and Nandan, B. (2021). Block Copolymer Template-Directed Catalytic Systems: Recent Progress and Perspectives. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11050318"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2023.05.086","article-title":"PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes Containing Copper Oxide-Charcoal Based Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids with Enhanced Performance and Antifouling Properties","volume":"176","author":"Pishbin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.12.040","article-title":"Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles\/Carboxylated Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Blended Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes: Development and Characterization for Efficient Separation of Oxybenzone and Bisphenol A from Water","volume":"163","author":"Modi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting (Standard No. ASTM D882)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070007","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4965539","article-title":"Chemical Changes in Polyetherimide (PEI) Joined by Friction-Based Injection Clinching Joining (F-ICJ) Technique","volume":"1779","author":"Abibe","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.120596","article-title":"Interfacially-Confined Polyetherimide Tubular Membranes for H2, CO2 and N2 Separations","volume":"655","author":"Sarrigani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.03.004","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of TiO2-Sulfonated Polymer Embedded Polyetherimide Membranes for Effective Desalination Application","volume":"365","author":"Thuyavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2020.137201","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterisation of Fine-Tuned Polyetherimide (PEI)\/WO3 Composite Ultrafiltration Membranes for Antifouling Studies","volume":"744","author":"Sathya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamciuc, C., Lisa, G., Serbezeanu, D., Gr\u0103dinaru, L.M., As\u0103ndulesa, M., Tudorachi, N., and Vlad-Bubulac, T. (2022). Tailoring Thermal and Electrical Properties of Jeffamine Segmented Polyetherimide Composite Films Containing BaTiO3 Particles. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214715"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.019","article-title":"Thermal Degradation of Polyetherimide Joined by Friction Riveting (FricRiveting). Part I: Influence of Rotation Speed","volume":"93","author":"Roeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14753","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c25279","article-title":"Chemically Edge-Carboxylated Graphene Enhances the Thermal Conductivity of Polyetherimide\u2013Graphene Nanocomposites","volume":"14","author":"Tarannum","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1080\/00222348.2011.557606","article-title":"Preparation of Symmetric Network PVDF Membranes for Protein Adsorption via Vapor-Induced Phase Separation","volume":"50","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119732","article-title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of Polymeric Membrane Formation by Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation in the Presence of Different Nanoparticles","volume":"362","author":"Sharif","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b00432","article-title":"Effects of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Permeation and Fouling-Resistance Properties of Polyetherimide Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"54","author":"Kanagaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawi, N.I.M., Ong Amat, S., Bilad, M.R., Nordin, N.A.H.M., Shamsuddin, N., Prayogi, S., Narkkun, T., and Faungnawakij, K. (2021). Development of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane via Assembly of Tannic Acid and Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Filtration of Oil\/Water Emulsion. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13060976"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118256","article-title":"Antifouling Membranes with Bi-Continuous Porous Structures and High Fluxes Prepared by Vapor-Induced Phase Separation","volume":"611","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.116682","article-title":"Assessment of the DCMD Performances of Poly(Vinylidene Difluoride) Vapor-Induced Phase Separation Membranes with Adjusted Wettability Via Formation Process Parameter Manipulation","volume":"560","author":"Venault","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.120500","article-title":"Modification Strategies of Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membrane Using TiO2 for Enhanced Antifouling Performance in Water Treatment","volume":"286","author":"Dmitrenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105675","article-title":"Fabrication of Magnetic Field Induced Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing GO\/Fe3O4 Nanohybrids with Enhanced Antifouling Properties for Wastewater Treatment Applications","volume":"9","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2016.10.040","article-title":"Studies on Carboxylated Graphene Oxide Incorporated Polyetherimide Mixed Matrix Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"186","author":"Kaleekkal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(95)00256-1","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Formation of Phase Inversion Membranes Made from Amorphous or Semi-Crystalline Polymers","volume":"113","author":"Wienk","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulla AlMarzooqi, F., Roil Bilad, M., and Ali Arafat, H. (2017). Improving Liquid Entry Pressure of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membranes by Exploiting the Role of Fabrication Parameters in Vapor-Induced Phase Separation VIPS and Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) Processes. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020181"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.07.006","article-title":"Influence of Graphene Oxide on Mechanical, Morphological, Barrier, and Electrical Properties of Polymer Membranes","volume":"9","author":"Ammar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.04.021","article-title":"Fabrication of PVDF Hollow Fiber Membranes: Effects of Low-Concentration Pluronic and Spinning Conditions","volume":"466","author":"Loh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.07.016","article-title":"Insight into the Role of Amphiphilic Pluronic Block Copolymer as Pore-Forming Additive in PVDF Membrane Formation","volume":"446","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2021.12.023","article-title":"A Study on the Mechanism of Pore Formation Through VIPS-NIPS Technique for Membrane Fabrication","volume":"108","author":"Dehban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barambu, N.U., Bilad, M.R., Bustam, M.A., Huda, N., Jaafar, J., Narkkun, T., and Faungnawakij, K. (2020). Development of Polysulfone Membrane via Vapor-Induced Phase Separation for Oil\/Water Emulsion Filtration. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112519"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11628","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b03290","article-title":"Removal of BSA and HA Contaminants from Aqueous Solution Using Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Modified Poly(Ether Imide) UF Membrane and Their Fouling Behaviors","volume":"54","author":"Kanagaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.11.015","article-title":"Custom-Made PEI\/Exfoliated-MoS 2 Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membranes for Separation of Bovine Serum Albumin and Humic Acid","volume":"83","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41976","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41976","article-title":"Development of a Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane Based on Polyphenylsulfone Blended with Graphene Oxide","volume":"7","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.06.067","article-title":"Iron-Tannin-Framework Complex Modified PES Ultrafiltration Membranes with Enhanced Filtration Performance and Fouling Resistance","volume":"505","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7774","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12447C","article-title":"Improved Filtration Performance and Antifouling Properties of Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes by Blending with Carboxylic Acid Functionalized Polysulfone","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.05.065","article-title":"Ultra-Low Graphene Oxide Loading for Water Permeability, Antifouling and Antibacterial Improvement of Polyethersulfone\/Sulfonated Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"552","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26391","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA03697A","article-title":"Fabrication of a Hybrid Ultrafiltration Membrane Based on MoS2 Modified with Dopamine and Polyethyleneimine","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.06.050","article-title":"Preparation, Morphologies and Properties for Flat Sheet PPESK Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"270","author":"Yun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.07.034","article-title":"Enhanced Separation Performance of PES Ultrafiltration Membranes by Imidazole-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Novel Functional Additives","volume":"564","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26807","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05707B","article-title":"Fabricating PES\/SPSF Membrane via Reverse Thermally Induced Phase Separation (RTIPS) Process to Enhance Permeability and Hydrophilicity","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.23328","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of High-Flux Poly(m-Phenylene Isophthalamide) (PMIA) Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane","volume":"138","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125068","article-title":"Enhanced Antifouling Performance of PVDF Ultrafiltration Membrane by Blending Zinc Oxide with Support of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle","volume":"241","author":"Ayyaru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131459","article-title":"Evaluations of Holey Graphene Oxide Modified Ultrafiltration Membrane and the Performance for Water Purification","volume":"285","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131294","article-title":"Preparation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composite Ultrafiltration Membrane for Micro-Polluted Surface Water Treatment","volume":"284","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/16\/9\/288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:59:04Z","timestamp":1788152344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/16\/9\/288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes16090288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes16090288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}