{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:16:08Z","timestamp":1792606568407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the hydrophilicity and antibiotic retention of conventional polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes, a PVA\/TiO2 composite hydrogel-modified PES membrane was prepared by hydrogel coating and in situ TiO2 embedding. Its removal of common antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as fouling behavior, was evaluated under different environmental conditions. The modified membrane formed an approximately 5 \u03bcm gel layer, showed reduced surface roughness, and increased pure-water flux by about 5.0%. It removed four antibiotics more effectively than the pristine membrane, with the greatest improvement for ofloxacin. Environmental conditions strongly affected antibiotic removal but had limited effects on ARG reduction. Low pH favored sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and ofloxacin removal, while 5 \u03bcm particles increased sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline removal by 27.0% and 22.0%, respectively. Hermia model fitting suggested predominantly standard blocking-type hydraulic behavior under the tested pH conditions and complete blocking-type behavior in the presence of HA or particles. These results show that PVA\/TiO2 modification improves PES membrane hydrophilicity and antibiotic removal, although fouling under complex conditions remains important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16090293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of PVA\/TiO2 Composite Hydrogel-Modified PES Ultrafiltration Membranes on Antibiotic Removal Performance and Membrane Fouling Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning and Protection for Watershed Aquatic Ecology, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction), Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning and Protection for Watershed Aquatic Ecology, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction), Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning and Protection for Watershed Aquatic Ecology, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction), Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianghao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning and Protection for Watershed Aquatic Ecology, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction), Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning and Protection for Watershed Aquatic Ecology, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction), Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ganzhou Ecological Environmental Technology Service Center, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingkun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning and Protection for Watershed Aquatic Ecology, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction), Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146009","article-title":"A systematic review of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in estuarine and 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