{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:17:42Z","timestamp":1788499062555,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herein, vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC)-grafted styrene-butadiene (SB) copolymers, with high contents of VBC (22\u201332 mol%), were synthesized and blended with low amounts (n = 3\u201310 wt%) of unfunctionalized poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO). Being well-known for its great chemical compatibility with polystyrene, PPO was selected as non-conductive, hydrophobic and mechanically robust component to be blended with graft copolymers in order to reduce their water uptake, thus improving their dimensional and mechanical stability after quaternization with trimethylamine. The resulting blend membranes were characterized in terms of thermal, mechanical, and ex situ electrochemical properties. Blend membranes generally presented improved mechanical properties, as well as reduced water uptake with respect to AEMs not containing PPO, while retaining ion conductivity values of 11.3\u201316.6 mS cm\u22121, higher than that of a commercial hydrocarbon-based benchmark. Among the investigated blend AEMs, g-VBC-32\/PPOn membranes were found to have the highest conductivity values (&gt;15 mS cm\u22121) and the best trade-off between water uptake, mechanical properties and hydrogen permeability. Overall, these results highlight pristine PPO blending as a cost-effective, simple and scalable route to improve the mechanical and dimensional stability of hydrocarbon-based AEMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16090294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1788339361000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robust Yet Conductive Blend Anion Exchange Membranes for Hydrogen Production via PPO Reinforcement of Highly Functionalized Styrene\u2013Butadiene-Based Ionomers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Roggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7006-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Turriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Di Pede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Agonigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enapter s.r.l., Via Lavoria, 56040 Crespina Lorenzana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Filpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enapter s.r.l., Via Lavoria, 56040 Crespina Lorenzana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Resta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enapter s.r.l., Via Lavoria, 56040 Crespina Lorenzana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Guazzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4277-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IEA (2023). Global Hydrogen Review 2023, IEA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.119041","article-title":"The Green Hydrogen Revolution","volume":"216","author":"Squadrito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.11.149","article-title":"A Review on Hydrogen Production and Utilization: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"47","author":"Ishaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, A., and Giovannini, C. (2023). Recent and Future Advances in Water Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Generation: Critical Analysis and Perspectives. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0109.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, A., and Giovannini, C. (2023). Routes for Hydrogen Introduction in the Industrial Hard-to-Abate Sectors for Promoting Energy Transition. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1419.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01079K","article-title":"Water Electrolysis: From Textbook Knowledge to the Latest Scientific Strategies and Industrial Developments","volume":"51","author":"Chatenet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00185C","article-title":"Low-Temperature Water Electrolysis: Fundamentals, Progress, and New Strategies","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.127","article-title":"An Overview of Water Electrolysis Technologies for Green Hydrogen Production","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11830","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00854","article-title":"Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers","volume":"122","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.3c00319","article-title":"Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: The Future of Green Hydrogen","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/cnl2.9","article-title":"Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis for Sustainable Large-Scale Hydrogen Production","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon Neutraliz."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Letcher, T.M. (2022). 4.19\u2014Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysers\u2014Current\/Future Perspectives in Electrolysers for Hydrogen. Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4047963","article-title":"Overview: State-of-the Art Commercial Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis","volume":"18","author":"Henkensmeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, W., Wong, W., Rosli, N., and Loh, K. (2023). Commercial Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) for Fuel Cell and Water Electrolyzer Applications: Performance, Durability, and Materials Advancement. Separations, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10080424"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.07.026","article-title":"Performance of Polyethylene Based Radiation Grafted Anion Exchange Membrane with Polystyrene-b-Poly (Ethylene\/Butylene)-b-Polystyrene Based Ionomer Using NiCo2O4 Catalyst for Water Electrolysis","volume":"375","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1039\/C6GC02526A","article-title":"An Optimised Synthesis of High Performance Radiation-Grafted Anion-Exchange Membranes","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.8b02051","article-title":"Highly Conductive Anion-Exchange Membranes Based on Cross-Linked Poly(Norbornene): Vinyl Addition Polymerization","volume":"2","author":"Mandal","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SE00502A","article-title":"High Performance Cross-Linked Anion Exchange Membrane Based on Aryl-Ether Free Polymer Backbones for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.24781","article-title":"New Anion Conducting Membranes Based on Functionalized Styrene\u2013Butadiene\u2013Styrene Triblock Copolymer for Fuel Cells Applications","volume":"49","author":"Faraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2013-0101","article-title":"Modulation of the Electrochemical Properties of SBS-Based Anionic Membranes by the Amine Molecular Structure","volume":"13","author":"Filpi","year":"2013","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roggi, A., Guazzelli, E., Resta, C., Agonigi, G., Filpi, A., and Martinelli, E. (2023). Vinylbenzyl Chloride\/Styrene-Grafted SBS Copolymers via TEMPO-Mediated Polymerization for the Fabrication of Anion Exchange Membranes for Water Electrolysis. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15081826"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300352","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.202300352","article-title":"Polyolefin-Based Anion Exchange Membranes with Superior Performance and Long-Term Durability for Green Hydrogen Production","volume":"224","author":"Roggi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400027","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202400027","article-title":"Effects of Structurally Different Tertiary Amines on the Properties of Quaternized Anionic Exchange Membranes Potentially Applicable for Water Electrolysis","volume":"45","author":"Roggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21965","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA06029G","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Anion-Exchange Membranes Tethered with Different Hetero-Cycloaliphatic Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides","volume":"5","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.141094","article-title":"Progress in Constructing High-Performance Anion Exchange Membrane: Molecular Design, Microphase Controllability and In-Device Property","volume":"457","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.120072","article-title":"Highly Conductive and Alkaline Stable Partially Fluorinated Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells: Effect of Ammonium Head Groups","volume":"643","author":"Miyatake","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b01382","article-title":"Stable Elastomeric Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Quaternary Ammonium-Tethered Polystyrene-b-Poly(Ethylene-Co-Butylene)-b-Polystyrene Triblock Copolymers","volume":"48","author":"Mohanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202203173","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202203173","article-title":"Challenges and Strategies of Anion Exchange Membranes in Hydrogen-Electricity Energy Conversion Devices","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.10.041","article-title":"Pore-Filled Anion-Exchange Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications","volume":"222","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.12.062","article-title":"Anion Exchange Membranes with Clusters of Alkyl Ammonium Group for Mitigating Water Swelling but Not Ionic Conductivity","volume":"550","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, Q., Zhu, X., and Yang, Z. (2019). Highly Conductive and Water-Swelling Resistant Anion Exchange Membrane for Alkaline Fuel Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143470"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.-B., Kim, D.-H., and Kang, M.-S. (2022). Thin-Reinforced Anion-Exchange Membranes with High Ionic Contents for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020196"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.120160","article-title":"Reinforced Poly(Fluorenyl-Co-Terphenyl Piperidinium) Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells","volume":"644","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2409-y","article-title":"A Review of the Synthesis and Characterization of Anion Exchange Membranes","volume":"53","author":"Hagesteijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118774","article-title":"Crosslinked PPO-Based Anion Exchange Membranes: The Effect of Crystallinity versus Hydrophilicity by Oxygen-Containing Crosslinker Chain Length","volume":"619","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18769","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.18769","article-title":"Robust and Ultrathin Pore-Filling Anion Exchange Membranes for Water Electrolysis","volume":"71","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.08.175","article-title":"ZrO2 Incorporated Polysulfone Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications","volume":"45","author":"Rambabu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119435","article-title":"Functionalized TiO2 Mediated Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes Based on Quaternized Poly(Arylene Ether Ketone) with Enhanced Ionic Conductivity and Alkaline Stability for Alkaline Fuel Cells","volume":"634","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22347","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA02978F","article-title":"Novel Side Chain Functionalized Polystyrene\/O-PBI Blends with High Alkaline Stability for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (AEMWE)","volume":"11","author":"Hager","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600005","DOI":"10.20517\/energymater.2025.142","article-title":"Advancing Green Hydrogen: Next-Generation AEMs with Reduced Hydrogen Crossover","volume":"6","author":"Herranz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124491","article-title":"Two New Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Bis-Arylimidazolium) Ionenes Blend Polybenzimidazole","volume":"240","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.04.172","article-title":"Pendent Piperidinium-Functionalized Blend Anion Exchange Membrane for Fuel Cell Application","volume":"44","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advmem.2026.100236","article-title":"Tailored Hydrogen-Bond Engineering Blend Ion-Solvating Membranes Enable Efficient Alkaline Water Electrolysis","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Membr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/00222358008080917","article-title":"Polymer Blends","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part C Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robeson, L.M. (2007). Polymer Blends. A Comprehensive Review, Hanser Gardner.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446436503.fm"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"355","article-title":"Is Compatibility Critical in Polymer Engineering?","volume":"7","author":"Fakirov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1991.070430611","article-title":"Microheterogeneity in PPO\/PS Blends","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(97)85598-X","article-title":"Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity of PS\/PPO Blends","volume":"38","author":"Agari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(92)90765-O","article-title":"Miscibility and Immiscibility in Functionalized Associating Polymer Systems: Polystyrene-Poly(Phenylene Oxide) Blends","volume":"33","author":"Hseih","year":"1992","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.09.014","article-title":"Highly Conductive Partially Cross-Linked Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide) as Anion Exchange Membrane and Ionomer for Water Electrolysis","volume":"46","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2019.121931","article-title":"Alkaline Stability of Model Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(Phenylene Oxide) (PPO) with Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Groups: Influence of the Functionalization Route","volume":"185","author":"Narducci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1236","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0891510jes","article-title":"Synthesis and Alkaline Stability of Solubilized Anion Exchange Membrane Binders Based on Poly(Phenylene Oxide) Functionalized with Quaternary Ammonium Groups via a Hexyl Spacer","volume":"162","author":"Parrondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2025.07.049","article-title":"PPO-Based Ion Exchange Membranes with Distinct Functional Groups for Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Comparative Study of Sulfonated and Quaternized Types in MFC and MEC Modes","volume":"221","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45959","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45959","article-title":"Quaternized Poly(2.6 Dimethyl-1.4 Phenylene Oxide)\/Polysulfone Blend Composite Membrane Doped with ZnO-Nanoparticles for Alkaline Fuel Cells","volume":"135","author":"Msomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Lee, K.H., Chu, J.Y., Kim, A.R., and Yoo, D.J. (2020). Enhanced Hydroxide Conductivity and Dimensional Stability with Blended Membranes Containing Hyperbranched PAES\/Linear PPO as Anion Exchange Membranes. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12123011"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.11.049","article-title":"Novel Imidazolium-Functionalized Anion-Exchange Polymer PBI Blend Membranes","volume":"476","author":"Morandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.11.039","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of CPPO\/BPPO Blend Membranes for Potential Application in Alkaline Direct Methanol Fuel Cell","volume":"310","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.06.020","article-title":"Improving Anion Exchange Membranes for DMAFCs by Inter-Crosslinking CPPO\/BPPO Blends","volume":"322","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135169","article-title":"The Effect of Ionic Bond on Anion Exchange Membrane: Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Structural Rearrangement of Blending Membrane","volume":"395","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2024.127536","article-title":"Fumasep FAA-3-PK-130: Exploiting Multinuclear Solid-State NMR to Shed Light on Undisclosed Structural Properties","volume":"311","author":"Giovanelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeen, L.W. (2014). The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers, William Andrew.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-22108-5.00004-7"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1021\/ja908638d","article-title":"Tunable High Performance Cross-Linked Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications","volume":"132","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/16\/9\/294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:35:24Z","timestamp":1788496524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0375\/16\/9\/294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["membranes16090294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes16090294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}