{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:16:07Z","timestamp":1792606567514,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23B20165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23B20165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U23B20165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23B20165"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Membranes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient interfacial water dissociation is essential for reducing the operating voltage of bipolar membranes (BPMs), whereas aggregation and nonuniform distribution of nanoscale catalysts can limit active-site utilization. In this study, polydopamine-modified halloysite nanotubes (PDA@HNTs) were used as a support for \u03b2-FeOOH loading to construct a composite catalytic interlayer for BPMs. XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, EDS mapping, contact-angle measurements, electrochemical tests, and bipolar membrane electrodialysis were used to evaluate the interlayer structure and membrane performance. At 50 mA cm\u22122, the \u03b2-FeOOH-PDA@HNTs-BPM exhibited a transmembrane voltage of 0.94 V, compared with 2.15 V for the blank BPM, while the interfacial water-dissociation resistance decreased from 3.873 to 0.980 \u03a9. After 48 h of continuous operation, the voltage increased only from 0.94 to 0.98 V. In electrodialysis, the membrane achieved a current efficiency of 81.4% and an energy consumption of 3.3 kWh kg\u22121 after 180 min. PDA-functionalized HNTs promote the dispersion and interfacial association of \u03b2-FeOOH, improve interfacial wettability and catalytic-site accessibility, and thereby enhance water dissociation and acid\/base production in BPMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16090296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u03b2-FeOOH-Loaded Polydopamine-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes as a Catalytic Interlayer for Enhanced Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haotian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yunshuang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Separation Membrane Materials, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117243","article-title":"Performance enhancement of bipolar membranes modified by Fe complex catalyst","volume":"589","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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